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金文奇 , 宁金贵 , 王剑 , 等 . 基于全膛烧蚀磨损特征的火炮内弹道仿真研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 5 ): 968 - 977 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.009 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.009 为提高烧蚀火炮内弹道仿真精度，在文献\[1\]火炮烧蚀内弹道理论基础上，保持火药几何燃烧定律、火药燃速定律和体现起始部膛线烧蚀的弹丸起动压力方程不变，通过对变炮膛截面积、变药室容积、弹后烧蚀容积增量等全膛烧蚀磨损特征的分析和计算，建立体现全膛烧蚀的弹丸运动方程和内弹道基本方程，从而建立烧蚀磨损内弹道模型。借鉴经典内弹道诸元解算方法，导出烧蚀磨损内弹道模型解算方法。以某火炮试验数据为例进行仿真烧蚀磨损内弹道计算，仿真结果表明：初速仿真值与试验值误差为0.9%，能够满足火炮工程实践3%的仿真误差要求；仿真精度优于文献\[1\]的火炮烧蚀内弹道方法，证明了所建立的烧蚀磨损内弹道模型和诸元解算方法是正确的，可用于烧蚀磨损火炮身管寿命预测。

JIN W Q , NING J G , WANG J , et al. Simulation research of interior ballistics based on erosion wear characteristic of full-bore [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 5 ): 968 - 977 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.009 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.05.009 In order to improve the simulation precision of artillery interior ballistics, on the base of the artillery erosion interior ballistics theory in Ref.\[1\], the kinetic equation of projectile and the basic equation of interior ballistics are set up by keeping the equations of the variable projectile starting pressure, and the geometric combustion law and burning rate law of gunpowder unchanged, and analyzing the full-bore erosion wear characteristics of artillery, such as variable bore sectional area, variable chamber volume and volume increment after body, and then an interior ballistics model based on the whole-bore erosion wear is established. The resolving method of interior ballistics is derived. The certain artillery test data are computed through simulation. The simulated results demonstrate that the error simulated and test velocities are less than 0.9%, which satisfies the requirement of 3% simulation error of artillery engineering practice. The proposed method is better than the artillery erosion interior ballistics theory in Ref.\[1\]. The result proves that the proposed interior ballistics model and resolving method have higher simulation precision, and could be used for the prodiction of artillery barrel life. Key

蒋俊君 , 陆欣 . 烧蚀磨损理论下多参数变化对火炮内弹道性能的影响分析 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2021 , 33 ( 4 ): 45 - 50 . DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2021)04-008 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2021)04-008 为研究火炮烧蚀磨损对内弹道性能的影响,基于烧蚀磨损理论,建立了经典内弹道模型和火炮烧蚀模型。针对某火炮的试验结果进行了数值模拟,获得的不同磨损量条件下启动压力变化规律与实测结果相吻合。在此基础上,数值分析了多参数变化对火炮内弹道性能的影响。结果表明:身管烧蚀磨损会导致弹丸速度和火炮膛压减小; 增大装药量后,随着身管磨损量增大炮口相对初速减退量减小; 增大火药力后,随着磨损加剧炮口相对初速减退量增大; 全装药条件下,射弹数达到约420发时,炮口初速相比于新炮下降了7.53%,达到身管报废标准,此时身管报废。

JIANG J J , LU X . Analysis of influence of multiple parameters on internal ballistic performance of gun under ablative wear theory [J ] . Journal of Ballistics , 2021 , 33 ( 4 ): 45 - 50 . (in Chinese)

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SOPOK S , O’HARA P , PFLEGL G . Thermochemical erosion modeling of the 25mm M242/M791 gun system[C]//Proceedings of the 33rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit . Seattle, WA, US: AIAA , 1997 .

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WU B , XIA W , TANG Y , et al. Mathematical model for predicting melt-erosion in gun barrels [J ] . Journal of Gun Launch & Control , 2002 , 23 ( 1 ): 5 - 10 . (in Chinese)

李明涛 , 崔万善 , 姚哲 , 等 . 基于内表面熔化层理论的身管寿命预测方法 [J ] . 火炮发射控制学报 . 2009 , 30 ( 2 ): 5 - 7 .

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朱文芳 , 王育维 , 郭映华 , 等 . 某火炮身管温度仿真计算及其影响因素分析 [J ] . 火炮发射与控制学报 , 2016 , 37 ( 4 ): 58 - 62 .

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吴斌 , 夏伟 . 基于导热反问题的身管传热计算 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2005 , 26 ( 3 ): 299 - 302 . 确定发射时输入内膛壁的热流密度对研究烧蚀磨损以及身管的热力学特性等问题至关重要。传统计算方法仅考虑了火药燃气以强迫对流方式与内膛壁面的对流换热。本文分析了输入内膛壁 的各项热流密度，运用导热反问题的研究方法计算了内膛输入热流密度，在此基础上，以其作为边界条 件，用有限元分析方法计算了温度分布，与巳知测试结果比较基本一致。文中还对持续射击条件下身管 径向温度分布特点进行了分析，指出采用身管主动冷却技术是控制持续射击过程中初始温度和峰值温 度的重要途径。

WU B , XIA W . Heat transfer in gun barrel based on inverse heat conduction problems [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2005 , 26 ( 3 ): 299 - 302 . (in Chinese) Calculation of heat flux into the gun bore is very important for wear problems in the gun barrel and its thermo-mechanical properties. Only convection heat transfer between propellant gas and gun bore is taken into account with the traditional method. In this paper, all types of heat flux into the gun bore are analyzed and cal?culated using the inverse conduction method, and under this boundary condition the temperature field is calculat?ed using finite element analysis, wmch is in agreement with measurements. Radial temperature field under sus?tained firing condition is also analyzed. It is pointed out that employing active cooling technology is a key measures for the control oi initial and maximum temperature of gun bore.

徐达 , 罗业 , 范文博 . 火炮身管传热数值模拟及温度分布规律 [J ] . 装甲兵工程学院学报 , 2016 , 30 ( 6 ): 50 - 54 .

XU D , LUO Y , FAN W B . Numerical simulation of heat transfer and temperature distribution of artillery barrel [J ] . Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering , 2016 , 30 ( 6 ): 50 - 54 . (in Chinese)

彭克侠 , 刘树华 , 曹广群 , 等 . 某火炮身管温度场分析 [J ] . 火力与指挥控制 , 2015 , 40 ( 11 ): 80 - 83 .

PENG K X , LIU S H , CAO G Q , et al. Temperature field analysis of gun barrel fire [J ] . Control & Command Control , 2015 , 40 ( 11 ): 80 - 83 . (in Chinese)

黄岚 , 韩晓明 , 李强 , 等 . 基于热物性参数的身管热结构耦合分析 [J ] . 弹箭与制导学报 , 2018 , 38 ( 1 ): 149 - 157 .

HUANG L , HAN X M , LI Q , et al. Thermal-structural coupling analysis of barrel based on thermal physical parameters [J ] . Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance , 2018 , 38 ( 1 ): 149 - 157 . (in Chinese)

徐宁 , 吴永海 , 王永娟 , 等 . 典型大口径转管机枪热—固耦合效应研究 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2018 , 30 ( 4 ): 77 - 84 . DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2018)04-013 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2018)04-013 为研究交变动态热载荷对转管机枪可靠性的影响,建立了某大口径三管转管机枪身管的3种有限元模型。基于一定边界条件和射击规范,对温度和应力数值结果进行了比较。研究了身管温度场及在高频热流脉冲和动态膛压脉冲载荷作用下身管动态耦合应力场的分布规律。结果表明:对于转管机枪,身管温度场可以采用2D轴对称模型以减少数值计算量; 从传热的角度,对由于身管高速转动引起的强迫对流散热,薄身管壁有利于散热,提高寿命; 在发射过程中,热应力对身管强度和寿命的影响起主导作用。

XU N , WU Y H , WANG Y J , et al. Study on thermo-solid coupling effect of typical large-caliber gatling machine gun [J ] . Journal of Ballistics 2018 , 30 ( 4 ): 77 - 84 . (in Chinese)

MISHRA A , HAMEED A , LAWTON B . A novel scheme for computing gun barrel temperature history and its experimental validation [J ] . Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology , 2010 , 132 ( 6 ): 1521 - 1523 .

HILL R D , CONNER J M . Transient heat transfer model of machine gun barrels [J ] . Advanced Manufacturing Processes , 2012 , 27 ( 8 ): 840 - 845 .

REZGUI N , MICKOVI$\mathrm{C}$ D M , ZIVKOVICC S , et al. Experimental and numerical analysis of thermo-chemical erosion in gun steel [J ] . Thermal Science , 2019 , 23 ( 2A ): 599 - 612 . DOI: 10.2298/TSCI19S2599P http://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI19S2599P https://doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0354-983619599P https://doiserbia.nb.rs/Article.aspx?ID=0354-983619599P A new technology of the optimal design of aerodynamic configurations based on\n a new generation software product is used for aerodynamic design of a 3-D\n wing of the middle class unmanned aerial vehicle. The optimal shape of the\n wing, which is characterized by minimum total drag at a fixed lift\n coefficient and corresponding to the specified geometric and aerodynamic\n constraints, is determined on the basis of the global search method and\n numerical solutions of the complete Navier-Stokes equations. It is shown\n that the proposed approach provides reduction in a wing drag in the cruise\n flight zone and significantly reduces the material and time costs for\n aerodynamic aircraft design. Optimal wing has a significantly lower drag at\n the main design point, and it can be used during cruising and in its\n vicinity. Optimization allows improving of the glider wing quality. Optimal\n wing is distinguished by better aerodynamic characteristics in the wide\n vicinity of design point in terms of the Mach numbers and lift coefficient.\n Such wing is resistant to the small changes in the flight conditions and it\n meets all given geometric and aerodynamic constraints.