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LINDAU J W , KUNZ R F , BOGER D A , et al. High reynolds number, unsteady, multiphase CFD modeling of cavitating flows [J ] . Journal of Fluids Engineering , 2002 , 124 ( 3 ): 607 - 616 . DOI: 10.1115/1.1487360 http://doi.org/10.1115/1.1487360 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article/124/3/607/444345/High-Reynolds-Number-Unsteady-Multiphase-CFD https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article/124/3/607/444345/High-Reynolds-Number-Unsteady-Multiphase-CFD A preconditioned, homogeneous, multiphase, Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes model with mass transfer is presented. The model is preconditioned in order to obtain good convergence and accuracy regardless of phasic density ratio or flow velocity. Engineering relevant validative unsteady two and three-dimensional results are given. A demonstrative three-dimensional, three-field (liquid, vapor, noncondensable gas) transient is also presented. In modeling axisymmetric cavitators at zero angle-of-attack with 3-D unsteady RANS, significant asymmetric flow features are obtained. In comparison with axisymmetric unsteady RANS, capture of these features leads to improved agreement with experimental data.

梅雄三 . 某水下炮发射口密封特性的分析 [D ] . 南京 : 南京理工大学 , 2017 .

MEI X S . Analysis of sealing characteristics of a certain underwater gun [D ] . Nanjing : Nanjing University of Science and Technology , 2017 . (in Chinese)

蔡涛 . 水下发射膛口多相流场分析 [D ] . 太原 : 中北大学 , 2020 .

CAI T . Multiphase flow field analysis of underwater launch muzzle [D ] . Taiyuan : North University of China , 2020 . (in Chinese)

ZHANG J H , YU Y G , ZHANG X . Numerical investigation of a muzzle multiphase flow field using two underwater launch methods [J ] . Defence Technology , 2021 , 17 ( 5 ): 1579 - 1595 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2020.09.005 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214914720304335 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214914720304335

ZHANG X , YU Y G , ZHOU L L . Numerical study on the multiphase flow characteristics of gas curtain launch for underwater gun [J ] . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 2019 , 134 ( 5 ): 250 - 261 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.042 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.01.042 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0017931018342728 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0017931018342728

张旋 , 余永刚 , 张欣尉 . 火炮在不同介质中发射的膛口流场特性分析 [J ] . 爆炸与冲击 , 2021 , 41 ( 10 ): 103 - 114 .

ZHANG X , YU Y G , ZHANG X W . Analysis of muzzle flow field characteristics of gun fired in different media [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2021 , 41 ( 10 ): 103 - 114 . (in Chinese)

张旋 , 余永刚 , 张欣尉 . 枪口压力对水下发射膛口流场特性的影响 [J ] . 弹道学报 , 2021 , 33 ( 3 ): 37 - 43 . DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2021)03-006 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2021)03-006 为了研究机枪水下发射枪口燃气喷射压力对膛口流场分布特性的影响,基于流体计算软件FLUENT,采用结构化网格并结合动网格技术,建立了水下枪膛口流场二维轴对称仿真模型,针对14.5 mm水下枪,分别采用30 MPa、45 MPa和60 MPa燃气喷射压力对水下密封式发射膛口流场进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:3种枪口喷射压力条件下,火药燃气喷出膛口后都迅速形成射流膨胀区,膛口轴向压力急剧衰减,燃气扩展过程中受到水和弹丸的较大阻力,在弹后空间聚集,使得压力有不同程度的升高; 燃气喷射压力在30～60 MPa范围内,膛口马赫盘初步形成的时间略有不同,约在145～152 μs之间,压力越小时,马赫盘形成越早且弹丸越早脱离火药燃气的包围; 3种压力条件下马赫盘距离膛口中心位置随时间的变化都呈指数分布规律。

ZHANG X , YU Y G , ZHANG X W . Influence of muzzle pressure on muzzle flow field characteristics of underwater launching [J ] . Journal of Ballistics , 2021 , 33 ( 3 ): 37 - 43 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2021)03-006 http://doi.org/10.12115/j.issn.1004-499X(2021)03-006 In order to study the influence of muzzle gas injection pressure on the distribution characteristics of muzzle flow-field of underwater gun firing,based on computational fluid dynamics software Fluent,a two-dimensional axisymmetric simulation model of underwater muzzle flow-field was established by using structured mesh and dynamic mesh technology. For the 14.5 mm gun,the numerical simulation of the underwater sealed launching muzzle flow-field was carried out with the gas injection pressure of 30 MPa,45 MPa and 60 MPa respectively. The calculation results show that,under the three kinds of muzzle gas injection pressure conditions,a jet expansion zone forms rapidly after the gas is sprayed out of the muzzle,and the axial pressure of the muzzle decreases sharply. The gas expansion process is greatly hindered by water and projectile,resulting in gas accumulation in the space behind the projectile,and the pressure increases again. While the gas injection pressure is in the range of 30～60 MPa,the initial formation of the Mach disk is slightly different. For about 145～152 μs,the smaller the pressure is,the earlier the Mach disk forms,and the sooner the projectile breaks away from the gunpowder gas. Under the three kinds of pressure conditions,the position of the Mach disk at the center of the muzzle distributes exponentially with time.

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倪火才 . 潜载导弹水下垂直发射时的“水锤”压力研究 [J ] . 舰船科学技术 , 2000 , 1 ( 5 ): 46 - 49 .

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王亚东 , 袁绪龙 , 覃东升 . 导弹水下发射筒口气泡特性研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2011 , 32 ( 8 ): 991 - 995 . 潜射导弹通常采用燃气—蒸汽弹射装置发射，弹尾离筒阶段筒口发生强烈的水-气交互作用，形成筒口气泡，该气泡的发展过程对发射平台会造成不利影响。采用CFD软件FLUENT对导弹离筒过程筒口气泡的发展及其对发射平台的影响进行了数值模拟。然后，给出了艇体不同位置压力脉动规律及其受发射深度的影响规律。仿真结果表明，压力监测数据与实验测量结果吻合良好，验证了研究方法的有效性。

WANG Y D , YUAN X L , QIN D S . Research on the outlet cavity features during the launch of submarine launched missile [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2011 , 32 ( 8 ): 991 - 995 . (in Chinese)

权晓波 , 尤天庆 , 张晨星 , 等 . 水下垂直发射航行体尾空泡振荡演化特性 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 8 ): 1728 - 1734 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.017 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.017 为研究水下垂直发射航行体尾空泡的瞬态振荡演化特性，及其对航行体流体动力、航行体上游流动的影响，基于势流边界元，提出了附着尾空泡航行体流场的瞬态计算方法。通过对垂直向水面运动的尾空泡瞬态振荡过程开展数值计算，分析尾空泡振荡对上游物面压力、沾湿区阻力以及空泡发展3方面的影响规律。结果表明：尾空泡振荡会引起上游物面压力在随环境静压下降的同时叠加一定幅值的压力波动，压力波动在空间上呈近似指数分布，越接近尾空泡的位置，压力波动越大；尾空泡振荡使得航行体沾湿区的阻力呈现在振荡中逐渐增大的变化趋势；尾空泡的振荡会导致肩空泡发展速度相比无振荡状态减缓，同时泡内压力和末端回射压力峰值偏大。

QUAN X B , YOU T Q , ZHANG C X , et al. Evolution properties of tail cavity oscillation of underwater launched vehicle [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2021 , 42 ( 8 ): 1728 - 1734 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.017 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2021.08.017 In order to investigate the evolution characteristic of tail cavity formed by underwater vertical launch vehicle, as well as the influence of tail cavity on the hydrodynamics and upstream flow of the vehicle, an axisymmetric boundary element code based on potential flow theory was developed to analyze the transient flow field of vehicle with tail cavity. A numerical simulation was performed. The simulated results show that the oscillation of tail cavity has a significant influence on the upstream pressure, the drag force on wet surface and the upstream nose cavity. The oscillation of tail cavity can cause the upstream surface pressure to superimpose a certain amplitude of pressure fluctuations while dropping with the environmental static pressure. The pressure fluctuations are approximately exponentially distributed in space. The closer the position is from the tail cavitation, the greater the pressure fluctuation is. The oscillation of tail cavity makes the resistance of the wetted area of the vehicle show a trend of gradual increase during the oscillation; the oscillation of tail cavity can cause a slower evolution speed of shoulder cavity than that in the non-oscillation state, and the pressure inside the cavity and the peak end retroreflective pressure are larger.

傅德彬 , 于殿君 , 张志勇 . 潜射导弹离筒后海水倒灌效应数值分析 [J ] . 固体火箭技术 , 2012 , 35 ( 2 ): 157 - 160 .

FU D B , YU D J , ZHANG Z Y . Numerical simulation on hydrodynamic impact effect submarine launched missile leaves the launcher [J ] . Journal of Solid Rocket Technology , 2012 , 35 ( 2 ): 157 - 160 . (in Chinese)

周笑飞 , 姜毅 , 牛钰森 , 等 . 水下发射发射筒注水情况仿真分析 [J ] . 现代防御技术 2014 , 42 ( 1 ): 123 - 126 .

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魏英杰 , 武雨嫣 , 王聪 , 等 . 水下航行体齐射出筒“水锤”特性分析 [J ] . 宇航总体技术 , 2020 , 4 ( 5 ): 22 - 32 .

WEI Y J , WU Y Y , WANG C , et al. Characteristic analysis of “Water Hammer” volleying of underwater launched sailing body [J ] . Astronautical Systems Engineering Technology , 2020 , 4 ( 5 ): 22 - 32 . (in Chinese)

李智生 , 刘可 , 阎肖鹏 . 水下航行体垂直出筒时水锤压力分析与研究 [J ] . 数字海洋与水下攻防 , 2019 , 2 ( 2 ): 39 - 43 .

LI Z S , LIU K , YAN X P . Analysis and research on water hammer pressure when underwater vehicle is out of tube vertically [J ] . Digital Ocean & Underwater Warfare , 2019 , 2 ( 2 ): 39 - 43 . (in Chinese)

XU H , WEI Y J . Numerical study on hydroballistic and flow field characteristics of projectiles ejected from a vertical launch system underwater [J ] . Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 2020 , 1507 ( 8 ): 082035 . DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1507/8/082035 http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1507/8/082035 To increase the exit velocity of projectile from single-stage reluctance coil launcher, the theoretical analysis is conducted for the projectile acceleration principle. The influence law of the electrical parameters on the projectile velocity is obtained, by the imitation research about the influence rule of the variation of electrical parameters (including capacitor voltage and capacitance) in a single-stage reluctance coil emitter on the transmitting performance, using the two-dimensional transient field solver in the finite element analysis software of Ansoft. At the same time, the single-stage reluctance coil launcher is also set up to conduct relevant tests, and the correctness of simulation analysis is verified. The results show that increasing the voltage and capacitance of the capacitor is beneficial to increase the exit velocity of the projectile, in the condition that the relative position of the projectile and driving coil is constant, The capacitor voltage is less than 1000V, and the capacitor capacitance is less than 1500μF. The simulation and experiment results provide guidance for the related analysis and study of multi-stage reluctance coil launcher.

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ZHANG J H , YU Y G . Numerical investigation on the muzzle flow field of an underwater submerged launched ballistic gun at different water depths [J ] . Explosion and Shock Waves , 2020 , 40 ( 10 ): 97 - 109 . (in Chinese)

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