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WARD J R , BROSSEAU T L . Reduction of heat transfer to high velocity gun barrels by wear-reducing additives [J ] . Journal of Heat Transfer , 1978 , 100 ( 4 ): 697 - 701 . DOI: 10.1115/1.3450880 http://doi.org/10.1115/1.3450880 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article/100/4/697/412394/Reduction-of-Heat-Transfer-to-High-Velocity-Gun https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/heattransfer/article/100/4/697/412394/Reduction-of-Heat-Transfer-to-High-Velocity-Gun In order to understand how wear-reducing additives such as TiO2/wax and polyurethane foam liners reduce erosion, a series of gun firings was made in a 105 mm tank cannon equipped with thermocouples to measure the heat transferred to the gun barrel both in the presence and in the absence of the additives. Four thin thermocouples (0.13 mm diameter) were placed at different radial distances from the bore surface. Each thermocouple was placed at the same axial distance along the gun barrel. From the temperature distribution measured 100 milliseconds after propellant ignition, the total heat transferred in the gun barrel was determined. On the basis of single shot measurements, both the polyurethane foam and the TiO2/wax liner reduced the heat transferred to the gun barrel by ten percent. Repeated firings with TiO2/wax liners afforded steadily increasing reduction in heat transfer which was attributed to the formation of an insulating layer of TiO2 and unreacted wax on the bore surface. This also accounts for the twenty-five fold increase in wear life of the M68 tank cannon firing rounds equipped with TiO2/wax liners. This thermocouple technique is now used to design optimum weight and location of wear-reducing additives in other gun systems, since the efficacy of the wear-reducing liner can be deduced from a few shots.

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王志明 , 郭建永 , 王卓 , 等 . 激光熔覆涂层摩擦磨损性能的研究进展 [J ] . 材料保护 , 2019 , 52 ( 10 ): 127 - 133 .

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MEN X D , TAO F H , GAN L , et al. Erosion behavior of Ni-based coating under high-speed hot airflow [J ] . Surface Engineering , 2019 , 35 ( 8 ): 710 - 718 . DOI: 10.1080/02670844.2019.1573343 http://doi.org/10.1080/02670844.2019.1573343 The erosion behaviour of a nickel-based alloy coating under high-speed hot airflow erosion caused by propellant combustion was studied. The coating was prepared on the PCrNi3MoVA steel substrate via plasma transferred arc, and the coating was subjected to an erosion test using a pressure-vented vessel to simulate the high temperature and high-pressure airflow erosion environment generated by the propellant combustion. The eroded surface was analysed using a scanning electron microscope and an X-ray diffractometer. The results show that the main phases in the coating are Ni solid solution and the hard phases consisting of borides and carbides. The erosion process will cause thermal shock cracks on the surface of the coating, and the carbide on the surface will be fractured, and wiped off by the hot air flow, forming an erosion pit.

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蒋啸林 . 电爆炸喷涂技术提高火炮身管寿命的机理研究 [D ] . 北京 : 机械科学研究总院 , 2012 .

JIANG X L . Research on the mechanism of improving cannon gun barrel life by electrical explosion spraying technology [D ] . Beijing : China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology Group , 2012 . (in Chinese)

赵桥桥 , 刘景 , 陈宝林 , 等 . 低温等离子体技术在金属防护中的应用 [J ] . 材料保护 , 2019 , 52 ( 5 ): 116 - 120 , 124.

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杨莎莎 , 杨峰 , 陈明辉 , 等 . N掺杂对磁控溅射Ta涂层微观结构与耐磨损性能的影响 [J ] . 金属学报 , 2019 , 55 ( 3 ): 308 - 316 .

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VIGILANTE G N , MULLIGAN C P . Cylindrical magnetron sputtering (CMS) of coatings for wear life extension in large caliber cannons [J ] . Materials and Manufacturing Processes , 2006 , 21 ( 6 ): 621 - 627 . DOI: 10.1080/10426910600609429 http://doi.org/10.1080/10426910600609429 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10426910600609429 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10426910600609429

MULLIGAN C P , SMITH S B , VIGILANTE G N . Characterization and comparison of magnetron sputtered and electroplated gun bore coatings [J ] . Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology , 2006 , 128 ( 2 ): 240 - 245 . DOI: 10.1115/1.2172963 http://doi.org/10.1115/1.2172963 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pressurevesseltech/article/128/2/240/478575/Characterization-and-Comparison-of-Magnetron https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pressurevesseltech/article/128/2/240/478575/Characterization-and-Comparison-of-Magnetron The demands to increase range, rate of fire, and muzzle velocity have resulted in increased wear and erosion problems in gun tubes. To increase the service life of gun tubes, a number of bore-coating systems are being considered for replacement of the current electroplated high-contractile chromium coating. Two such coating systems are cylindrical magnetron sputtered (CMS) Cr coatings and CMS Ta∕Cr bilayer coatings. Cylindrical magnetron sputtering is a high-rate vacuum deposition process that has been applied to 120mm tubes. Characterization studies of the electroplated and CMS coatings were completed to determine the applicability of these coating/substrate systems for gun bore protection. Each coating system is subjected to a series of tests, including adhesion, microhardness, compositional analysis, and vented erosion-simulation testing (VES). VES testing is completed via a laboratory combustion chamber that reproduces the transient thermal and chemical environments of tank cannon firing on small chord sections of 120mm coated gun tubes. In addition to the aforementioned characterization tests, metallography, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy are conducted on each specimen before and after VES testing to evaluate the thermal stability of the coating and the severity of the thermal damage imposed. The mechanisms of damage are investigated, including void formation and micropit growth, oxidation and erosion, and thermomechanical cracking. In addition, methods to further increase resistance to thermal damage are discussed to increase the service life of future gun tube systems.

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金浩 , 张莹莹 , 时卓 , 等 . 磁控溅射技术制备CrAlN涂层的研究进展 [J ] . 材料导报 , 2016 , 30 ( 3 ): 54 - 59 .

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张健 , 韩继龙 , 郭策安 , 等 . 添加Y对炮钢表面电弧离子镀(Ti, Al)N薄膜氧化性能的影响 [J ] . 功能材料 , 2015 , 46 ( 13 ): 13144 - 13147 .

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罗天放 , 陈荣刚 , 吴斌 . 炮钢材料等离子淬火后的组织与性能 [J ] . 金属热处理 , 2019 , 44 ( 2 ): 77 - 82 .

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罗天放 , 陈荣刚 , 吴斌 . 等离子淬火对PCrNi3Mo钢拉伸性能的影响 [J ] . 材料热处理学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 12 ): 64 - 70 . DOI: 10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2018-0328 http://doi.org/10.13289/j.issn.1009-6264.2018-0328 为提高PCrNi3Mo钢的抗拉伸性能，采用等离子表面淬火技术对其进行表面处理。使用MTS拉伸试验机对PCrNi3Mo钢等离子淬火前后的拉伸性能进行对比分析，并对其在相同应变速率下得到的应力-应变曲线进行比较；使用X射线衍射仪对PCrNi3Mo炮钢表面的残余应力进行检测，使用光学显微镜观察其淬火后硬化区域的组织与形貌。结果表明：等离子淬火后PCrNi3Mo钢拉伸试样的屈服强度、拉伸强度比原始试样分别提高了27.3%和28.6%，断面收缩率、断后伸长率则下降了76.4%和69.4%；原始PCrNi3Mo钢试样断口处有明显的颈缩现象，为韧性断裂，而淬火试样韧性有明显提高但塑性变形能力下降；试样经过等离子淬火后表面由拉应力（496.9 MPa）转变为压应力（-942.2 MPa）；淬火试样断面形成月牙形硬化带，月牙内部细密的马氏体组织代替了机体粗大的铁素体组织；淬火后形成的硬化层越深，炮钢材料抗拉强度越高。

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LUO T F . A Method of Plasma quenching in the gun barrel [J ] . Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 2021 , 1748 ( 5 ): 052008 . DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1748/5/052008 http://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1748/5/052008 In order to extend the service life of the barrel and improve its corrosion resistance and wear resistance, plasma quenching technology successfully processed the inner hole material. The treatment effect is obtained by making the analysis of the microstructure, hardness and tribological properties. The results show that the plasma quenching of the barrel material can form a martensitic hardening layer on the surface, when the surface hardness is increased by 725 HV, and the surface abrasion resistance is enhanced by 10 times. This technology provides a new way to extend the life of the barrel.

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郭俊行 , 樵军谋 , 马帅 , 等 . 轻型无坐力炮复合身管强度设计方法研究 [J ] . 火炮发射与控制学报 , 2021 , 42 ( 4 ): 58 - 62 .

GUO J X , QIAO J M , MA S , et al. Strength design method for composite barrel of light weight recoilless gun [J ] . Journal of Gun Launch & Control , 2021 , 42 ( 4 ): 58 - 62 . (in Chinese)

TROIANO E , PARKER A P , UNDERWOOD J H . Mechanisms and modeling comparing HB7 and A723 high strength pressure vessel steels [J ] . Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology , 2004 , 126 ( 11 ): 473 - 477 . DOI: 10.1115/1.1811108 http://doi.org/10.1115/1.1811108 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pressurevesseltech/article/126/4/473/462499/Mechanisms-and-Modeling-Comparing-HB7-and-A723 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pressurevesseltech/article/126/4/473/462499/Mechanisms-and-Modeling-Comparing-HB7-and-A723 HB7, an ultra-clean, high strength pressure vessel steel manufactured in France, is compared to A723 steel. This steel, suggested as an improved pressure vessel material is currently being proposed for critical applications, and will likely be used more frequently as design engineers discover its capabilities. This paper includes comparisons of strength, fracture toughness, fatigue properties and composition of the two steels, followed by an in-depth comparison and modeling of environmental cracking resistance, Bauschinger-modified residual stresses and fatigue lives. Results indicate that in all critical areas, with the exception of Bauschinger-reduced residual stress, the HB7 is superior to the A723 steel. Particularly for small amounts of autofrettage, near-bore residual stresses are reduced for HB7 steel compared to those for A723 steel at the same strength level. The greatest improvement of the HB7 over the A723 is in environmental cracking resistance. The HB7, when tested in concentrated sulfuric acid, exhibits five orders of magnitude longer crack incubation times and three orders of magnitude slower crack growth rates, when compared to A723 steel at the same strength level.

WANG F , BALETA J , WANG Q , et al. Investigation on the effect of electrode tip on formation of metal droplets and temperature profile in a vibrating electrode electroslag remelting process [J ] . Open Physics , 2019 , 17 ( 1 ): 743 - 751 . DOI: 10.1515/phys-2019-0078 http://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2019-0078 https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/phys-2019-0078/html https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/phys-2019-0078/html In the present work, a transient full-coupled modelling approach has been put forward to study the effect of electrode tip on formation of metal droplets and temperature profile in the electromagnetically-controlled electroslag-remelting furnace with vibrating electrode. The electromagnetic field, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved simultaneously based on the finite volume method. The interface of slag and metal is traced using the volume of fluid approach. The results show that in the case of cone tip electrode the average dimension of metal droplets is smaller compared to the flat tip electrode. In addition, the bigger and stretched metal droplets are not observed with the cone tip electrode. The temperature fields with the cone tip electrode are distributed in a prominent periodic pattern compared to the case with flat tip electrode. The maximum temperature zone with the cone tip electrode is located along the z axial in the upper part of slag, not in the lower part. When the frequency changes from 0.17 Hz to 1 Hz, the maximum temperature reduces from 2050 K to 1985 K and the peak value of velocity decreases from 0.20 m/s to 0.125 m/s. When the vibration amplitude varies from 3mm to 6mm, the maximum temperature in the slag cover drops by 3.9% and the peak value of velocity rises by 16.7%.

胡士廉 , 吕彦 , 胡俊 , 等 . 高强韧厚壁炮钢材料的发展 [J ] . 兵器材料科学与工程 , 2018 , 41 ( 6 ): 108 - 112 .

HU S L , LÜ Y , HU J , et al. Progress in high strength and toughness of steel material for thick-wall cannon [J ] . Ordnance Material Science and Engineering , 2018 , 41 ( 6 ): 108 - 112 . (in Chinese)

TROIANO E , PARKER A P , UNDERWOOD J H . Mechanisms and modeling comparing HB7 and A723 high strength pressure vessel steels [J ] . Journal of Pressure Vessel Technol , 2004 , 126 ( 4 ): 473 - 477 . DOI: 10.1115/1.1811108 http://doi.org/10.1115/1.1811108 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pressurevesseltech/article/126/4/473/462499/Mechanisms-and-Modeling-Comparing-HB7-and-A723 https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/pressurevesseltech/article/126/4/473/462499/Mechanisms-and-Modeling-Comparing-HB7-and-A723 HB7, an ultra-clean, high strength pressure vessel steel manufactured in France, is compared to A723 steel. This steel, suggested as an improved pressure vessel material is currently being proposed for critical applications, and will likely be used more frequently as design engineers discover its capabilities. This paper includes comparisons of strength, fracture toughness, fatigue properties and composition of the two steels, followed by an in-depth comparison and modeling of environmental cracking resistance, Bauschinger-modified residual stresses and fatigue lives. Results indicate that in all critical areas, with the exception of Bauschinger-reduced residual stress, the HB7 is superior to the A723 steel. Particularly for small amounts of autofrettage, near-bore residual stresses are reduced for HB7 steel compared to those for A723 steel at the same strength level. The greatest improvement of the HB7 over the A723 is in environmental cracking resistance. The HB7, when tested in concentrated sulfuric acid, exhibits five orders of magnitude longer crack incubation times and three orders of magnitude slower crack growth rates, when compared to A723 steel at the same strength level.

胡俊 , 吕彦 , 黄建文 , 等 . 高强韧Cr-Ni-Mo-V钢的冶炼工艺研究 [J ] . 热加工工艺 , 2020 , 49 ( 23 ): 64 - 66 .

HU J , LÜ Y , HUANG J W , et al. Research on melting process of high strength and high toughness Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel [J ] . Hot Working Technology , 2020 , 49 ( 23 ): 64 - 66 . (in Chinese)

胡士廉 , 吕彦 , 黄建文 , 等 . 新型高强韧Cr-Ni-Mo-V钢的显微组织结构与强韧化机理 [J ] . 兵器材料科学与工程 , 2018 , 41 ( 6 ): 92 - 95 .

HU S L , LÜ Y , HUANG J W , et al. Microstructure and strengthening-toughening mechanism of new high strength and toughness Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel [J ] . Ordnance Material Science and Engineering , 2018 , 41 ( 6 ): 92 - 95 . (in Chinese)

李程 , 毛保全 , 白向华 , 等 . 磁约束下等离子体在火炮身管中的隔热特性研究 [J ] . 火炮发射与控制学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 3 ): 6 - 10 .

LI C , MAO B Q , BAI X H , et al. Study of thermal insulation characteristics of plasma in the gun barrel under magnetic confinement [J ] . Journal of Gun Launch & Control , 2018 , 39 ( 3 ): 6 - 10 . (in Chinese)

李程 . 磁约束等离子体在圆筒结构中的流动和传热特性研究 [D ] . 北京 : 陆军装甲兵学院 , 2019 .

LI C . Study on flow and heat transfer characteristics of magnetically confined plasma in cylindrical structure [D ] . Beijing : Army Academy of Armored Forces , 2019 . (in Chinese)

毛保全 , 陈春林 , 白向华 , 等 . 电离种子对发射药电离特性影响研究 [J ] . 火工品 , 2021 , 43 ( 4 ): 42 - 44 .

MAO B Q , CHEN C L , BAI X H , et al. Research on the effect of ionized seeds on the ionization characteristics of propellant [J ] . Initiators & Pyrotechnics , 2021 , 43 ( 4 ): 42 - 44 . (in Chinese)

LIN L , WENG C , CHEN Q Z , et al. Study on the effects of ionization seeds on pulse detonation characteristics [J ] . Aerospace Science and Technology , 2017 , 71 : 128 - 135 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.015 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.09.015 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1270963817311914 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1270963817311914

毛保全 , 李程 , 白向华 , 等 . 含钾盐添加剂的火药燃烧产物导电特性研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 2 ): 296 - 304 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.02.012 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.02.012 为提高火药燃烧产物的导电特性，基于气体热电离理论，在火药中添加电离电位较低的碳酸钾碱金属化合物以提高其电离度。通过对火药燃烧反应的化学物理过程进行分析，结合内弹道理论和等离子体理论建立火药燃气的热电离模型，数值计算了火药燃烧过程的压力、燃气温度等热力学变化过程。应用Saha方程和交错法，分析了火药力、燃烧室容积和钾盐含量变化对燃烧产物电子密度和电导率的影响规律，并采用光谱测量法试验测试了无钾盐添加剂和加入钾盐后火药燃烧产物的发射光谱强度。研究结果表明：添加电离种子碳酸钾后能够使火药燃气具有较高的导电性；火药力和药室容积的增加可以相应地提高燃气电导率。

MAO B Q , LI C , BAI X H , et al. Research on the electrical properties of propellant combustion products containing potassium salt [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2018 , 39 ( 2 ): 296 - 304 . (in Chinese)

李俊 , 毛保全 , 白向华 , 等 . 高温高压下CsNO3电离产生等离子体规律试验研究 [J ] . 装甲兵工程学院学报 , 2018 , 32 ( 3 ): 61 - 64 .

LI J , MAO B Q , BAI X H , et al. Experimental research on law of plasma generated by ionization of CsNO 3 under high temperature and high pressure [J ] . Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering , 2018 , 32 ( 3 ): 61 - 64 . (in Chinese)

李俊 , 毛保全 , 白向华 , 等 . 火药燃气作用下电离种子产生等离子体研究 [J ] . 核聚变与等离子体物理 , 2019 , 39 ( 1 ): 83 - 88 . DOI: 10.16568/j.0254-6086.201901013 http://doi.org/10.16568/j.0254-6086.201901013 为研究电离种子在火药燃气作用下产生等离子体的规律，建立了密闭爆发器(定容)条件下电离种子产生等离子体的数学模型，设计了火药燃气作用下电离种子产生等离子体的试验系统。采用某型火炮发射药和不同种类的电离种子分别进行了试验，结果表明：电离种子在火药燃气作用下可以产生等离子体，加入钾盐和铯盐后电子密度分别为2.25×10¹⁸m^−3 和4.63×10¹⁸m^−3，铯盐电离效果优于钾盐。通过试验数据和仿真结果比对，发现它们保持在同一数量级内。

LI J , MAO B Q , BAI X H , et al. Research on plasma formation of ionized seeds under the influence of gunpowder gas [J ] . Nuclear Fusion and Plasma Physics , 2019 , 39 ( 1 ): 83 - 88 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.16568/j.0254-6086.201901013 http://doi.org/10.16568/j.0254-6086.201901013 <p>In order to study the plasma generation of ionized seeds under the action of gunpowder gas, a mathematical model under the condition of closed bomb (constant volume) was established, and a plasma test system was designed. Experiments were carried out with a certain type of artillery propellant and different kinds of ionized seeds. The results show that the ionized seeds can generate plasma under the action of gunpowder gas, and the electron densities are 2.25&times;10¹⁸m^&minus;3and 4.63&times;10¹⁸m^&minus;3 after adding potassium salt and barium salt, respectively. The strontium salt ionization effect is better than the potassium salt. Under the test conditions, the simulation results are roughly in agreement with the test data.</p>

钟孟春 , 李晓刚 , 毛保全 , 等 . 火药燃烧等离子体电导率影响因素研究 [J ] . 装甲兵工程学院学报 , 2017 , 31 ( 4 ): 61 - 64 , 124.

ZHONG M C , LI X G , MAO B Q , et al. Research on the influencing factors of plasma conductivity in propellant combustion [J ] . Journal of Academy of Armored Force Engineering , 2017 , 31 ( 4 ): 61 - 64 , 124. (in Chinese)

毛保全 , 兰图 , 邓威 , 等 . 基于电离种子的发射药燃烧生成等离子体研究 [J ] . 火工品 , 2017 , 39 ( 2 ): 33 - 37 .

MAO B Q , LAN T , DENG W , et al. Study on plasma produced by propellant combustion based on ionized seed [J ] . Initiators & Pyrotechnics , 2017 , 39 ( 2 ): 33 - 37 . (in Chinese)

宋鹏 , 毛保全 , 钟孟春 , 等 . 火药燃烧生成等离子体规律数值仿真研究 [J ] . 火工品 , 2017 , 39 ( 1 ): 42 - 45 .

SONG P , MAO B Q , ZHONG M C , et al. Numerical simulation study on the law of plasma generated by propellant combustion [J ] . Initiators & Pyrotechnics , 2017 , 39 ( 1 ): 42 - 45 . (in Chinese)

宋鹏 , 钟孟春 , 毛保全 . 基于密闭爆发器的等离子体诊断系统研究 [J ] . 火工品 , 2016 , 38 ( 4 ): 54 - 57 .

SONG P , ZHONG M C , MAO B Q . The study of plasma diagnosis system based on closed bomb [J ] . Initiators & Pyrotechnics , 2016 , 38 ( 4 ): 54 - 57 . (in Chinese)

李晓刚 , 毛保全 , 钟孟春 , 等 . 火药燃烧等离子体电导率理论计算研究 [J ] . 火工品 , 2017 , 39 ( 4 ): 53 - 56 .

LI X G , MAO B Q , ZHONG M C , et al. Theoretical calculation research of electrical conductivity of plasma [J ] . Initiators & Pyrotechnics , 2017 , 39 ( 4 ): 53 - 56 . (in Chinese)

李程 , 毛保全 , 白向华 , 等 . 磁场方向对圆筒结构内高温导电气体流动与传热特性的影响研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2018 , 39 ( 5 ): 851 - 858 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.05.003 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2018.05.003 火药气体在高温环境下会发生电离形成热等离子体，从而具有良好的导电性。针对高温火药气体对武器身管产生热烧蚀的问题，提出一种应用磁控等离子体降低身管内膛表面温度的方法。运用磁流体描述法构建高温导电气体在圆筒结构中的湍流耗散模型，研究了不同磁场方向对导电气体黏性效应及腔体壁面温度的影响，并采用红外热成像技术测试了同轴磁场对导电气体传热特性的影响。结果表明：与流动方向相垂直的磁场，可以有效地降低导电气体的湍流动能和湍流黏度，削弱其传热能力，并且流动分布出现各向异性特征，沿磁场方向的湍流动能和湍流黏度要低于垂直磁场方向；施加同轴磁场可以限制带电粒子的径向扩散，减少导电气体对圆筒壁面的传热量，从而降低壁面温度。

LI C , MAO B Q , BAI X H , et al. Effect of magnetic field direction on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of high temperature conductive gas in cylinder structure [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2018 , 39 ( 5 ): 851 - 858 . (in Chinese)

LI C , MAO B Q , BAI X H . Effect of vertical magnetic field on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of conducting gas in a cylinder [J ] . International Journal of Performability Engineering . 2018 , 14 ( 12 ): 3118 - 3128 .

ZHAO Q J , MAO B Q , BAI X H , et al. Heat transfer suppression mechanism of magnetogasdynamic flow in a circular tube subjected to transverse magnetic field regulation [J ] . International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer , 2022 , 134 : 105990 . DOI: 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.105990 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.105990 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735193322001129 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735193322001129

ZHAO Q J , BAI X H , MAO B Q , et al. Flow and heat transfer characteristics of conductive gases in circular tubes under applied magnetic fields with different orientations [J ] . Physics of Fluids , 2022 , 34 ( 3 ): 035112 . DOI: 10.1063/5.0085009 http://doi.org/10.1063/5.0085009 https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0085009 https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0085009 Controlling the flow and heat transfer characteristics of conductive gases in circular tubes by means of applied magnetic fields is of great significance in various applications. However, the specific effects of magnetic fields with different orientations on these flow and heat transfer characteristics remain poorly understood. This paper addresses this issue by applying numerical calculations for evaluating the effect of magnetic fields (MFs) with different magnitudes defined according to the Hartmann number ( Ha) ranging from 0 to 740 and orientation, including transverse (TMFs), axial (AMFs), and radial (RMFs) on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of high-temperature conductive gas flows with Reynolds numbers ( Re) ranging from 9612 to 32 040. The results demonstrate that applied TMFs have anisotropic effects on the flow and heat transfer of conductive gases, while the effects of applied AMFs and RMFs are isotropic. Applied AMFs have little effect on the heat transfer characteristics of conductive gases, while applied TMF and RMF conditions suppress heat transfer at the tube wall, and the suppression effect of RMFs is stronger. Moreover, the heat transfer suppression effect of applied TMFs and RMFs first increases and then decreases with increasing Ha for a constant Re, and the value of Ha required to achieve the optimal heat transfer suppression effect increases with increasing Re. In addition, the transition gradient of the magnetic field directly outside of the applied magnetic field region causes the accumulation of Joule heat and therefore detracts significantly from the heat transfer suppression effect of TMFs and RMFs.

ZHANG L , CHEN Z , WEN D , et al. Estimation of the time-varying high-intensity heat flux for a two-layer hollow cylinder [J ] . Energies , 2018 , 11 ( 12 ): 3332 . DOI: 10.3390/en11123332 http://doi.org/10.3390/en11123332 http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/12/3332 http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/12/3332 Gun barrels are subjected to time-varying high-intensity heat flux under multiple firing, which may damage the material and limit the overall performance of the gun. In order to monitor the thermal state of a gun barrel, an inverse method coupling the finite difference method with the sequential function specification method was developed to estimate the unknown time-varying heat flux imposed on the inner wall of a gun barrel. A two-layer hollow cylindrical tube was assumed with the convection heat transfer boundary condition on the outer wall of the tube. A direct heat transfer model was developed, and was used to estimate the temporal distribution of boundary heat flux in approximately real time based on the measured transient temperature at some positions on the outer wall of the gun barrel. Numerical tests were performed to verify the effectiveness and reliability of this method by investigating the influence of temperature measurement noises and future time step selection. The results show that the proposed method has high precision and efficiency in extracting the time-varying heat flux under one-shot and three-shot firing conditions. When there is a measurement noise, this method has good anti-illness characteristics and can achieve better results by appropriately selecting the value of a future time step.