LI Y F , SHI J P , JIANG W , et al . Autonomous maneuver decision-making for a UCAV in short-range aerial combat based on an MS-DDQN algorithm [J ] . Defence Technology , 2022 , 18 ( 9 ): 1697 - 1714 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2021.09.014 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2021.09.014 To solve the problem of realizing autonomous aerial combat decision-making for unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) rapidly and accurately in an uncertain environment, this paper proposes a decision-making method based on an improved deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm: the multi-step double deep Q-network (MS-DDQN) algorithm. First, a six-degree-of-freedom UCAV model based on an aircraft control system is established on a simulation platform, and the situation assessment functions of the UCAV and its target are established by considering their angles, altitudes, environments, missile attack performances, and UCAV performance. By controlling the flight path angle, roll angle, and flight velocity, 27 common basic actions are designed. On this basis, aiming to overcome the defects of traditional DRL in terms of training speed and convergence speed, the improved MS-DDQN method is introduced to incorporate the final return value into the previous steps. Finally, the pre-training learning model is used as the starting point for the second learning model to simulate the UCAV aerial combat decision-making process based on the basic training method, which helps to shorten the training time and improve the learning efficiency. The improved DRL algorithm significantly accelerates the training speed and estimates the target value more accurately during training, and it can be applied to aerial combat decision-making. © 2021 China Ordnance Society

TATAR A B , TANYLDZ A K , YAKUT O . Shooting control application from a quadruped robot with a weapon system via sliding mode control method [J ] . Defence Science Journal , 2020 , 70 ( 4 ): 404 - 411 .

HE F , DAI J S , LIN S Y , et al . High-efficiency and low-hazard artillery recoil reduction technology based on barrel gas reflection [J ] . Scientific Reports , 2024 ,14:7497.

CHENG C H , CHONG W , ZHANG X B . A prediction method for the performance of a low-recoil gun with front nozzle [J ] . Defence Techology , 2019 , 15 ( 5 ): 703 - 712 .

LIU P Z , WANG G Q , YANG Z , et al . Recoil reduction and projectile velocity improvement design of recoilless gun with combustible cartridge [J ] . Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology , 2023 ,37: 6029 - 6036 .

QIU M , GUO F , SONG J , et al . Recoil reduction design of gas-controlled side-jet gun based on bifurcated two-phase flow model [J ] . Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology , 2023 ,37: 1845 - 1857 .

JELLINGHAUS K , SCHERER C , STAUFFER E , et al . Deadly injuries through recoilless anti-tank weapons while military shooting practice-two case studies from Germany and Switzerland [J ] . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 2020 , 134 ( 6 ): 2199 - 2204 .

戴劲松 , 何福 , 苏晓鹏 , 等 . 速射火炮定向反射膨胀减后坐力机理研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2019 , 40 ( 12 ): 2407 - 2415 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.12.003 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2019.12.003 传统速射火炮在高射速连发射击时，膛口装置后喷的气体对炮位附近装置和人员影响较大，为此提出定向反射膨胀减小后坐力机理。通过身管上多个前倾斜孔将火药气体引入封闭定向反射膨胀腔室中，利用火药气体在定向反射膨胀腔室前部形成的高压区及其对装置反射面的冲击作用，达到减小火炮后坐力的目的。运用计算流体力学理论分析了该机理，通过分析计算得到装置的减后坐力最大效率为48.3%，与现有速射火炮膛口装置制退器的效率相当且无向斜后方喷射的气体。开展了相应的实验研究，验证了理论分析的正确性。该机理具有广泛适用性，可为速射火炮降低后坐力提供新的思路。

DAI J S , HE F , SU X P , et al . Research on directional selection expansion mechanism of reducing recoil force of repid fire gun [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2019 , 40 ( 12 ): 2407 - 2415 . (in Chinese)

肖俊波 , 杨国来 , 李洪强 , 等 . 身管武器时延式喷管减后坐动力学建模仿真 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2017 , 38 ( 10 ): 1909 - 1917 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.10.005 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2017.10.005 为了大幅度降低身管武器发射时的后坐力并使弹丸的初速基本保持不变，提出并设计了新型时延式喷管气流反推减后坐装置。通过适当延迟打开身管导气孔的时间，使膛内压力延时下降，从而使弹丸的初速近似保持不变；推导了新的变质量内弹道方程和变质量后效期气体运动方程，该组方程考虑了膛内火药气体与导气装置以及喷管气流反推装置的质量和能量输送；建立了时延式喷管气流反推减后坐装置数学模型并进行了仿真分析，得出了时延式喷管气流反推减后坐装置的某些结构参数对武器减后坐性能的影响规律。仿真结果表明：时延式喷管气流反推减后坐装置能够提供足够大的反后坐冲量，在有效降低身管武器发射后坐力的同时对初速的影响较小。

XIAO J B , ZHANG X B , LI H Q , et al . Dynamics modeling and simulation of recoil reduction of automatic weapon by time by delay nozzle device ,[J ] Acta Armamentarii , 2017 , 38 ( 10 ): 1909 - 1917 (in Chinese)

CAO R D , ZHANG X B . Design optimization for a launching system with novel structure [J ] . Defence Technology , 2019 , 15 ( 5 ): 680 - 689 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.08.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.08.005 A launching system with novel structure using optimization method is investigated to improve the muzzle velocity of guns in this article. This system has two tandem chambers of which the front one is ignited first and the other is ignited after a while. The launching process of this novel system is modelled and a series of different schemes are simulated, to discover the interior ballistic performance of this novel launching system. In order to obtain the optimal loading conditions, an optimization model combined with the combustion model is established. The optimal schemes can improve the muzzle velocity by 20.6% without changing the parameters of barrel. It means that this novel launch system could improve the interior ballistics performance significantly and it still has considerable potential to be ameliorated. © 2019 The Authors

WANG H M , XIAO Z Q , HAN X P , et al . Firing process modeling of a soft recoil gun based on interval uncertainty parameter identification [J ] . Journal of Vibration Engineering & Technologies , 2024 , 12 ( 6 ): 7275 - 7289 .

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徐流恩 , 李永池 , 高乐南 . 大口径高速平衡炮发射安全性分析 [J ] . 中国科学技术大学学报 , 2008 , 38 ( 11 ): 1304 - 1309 .

XU L E , LI Y C , GAO L N . Shooting security analysis of counter-mass propelling gun with large caliber and high muzzle velocity [J ] . Journal of University of Science and Technology of China , 2008 , 38 ( 11 ): 1304 - 1309 . (in Chinese)

LIU P Z , JIN W , SHI Z Y , et al . Research on the recoil reduction efficiency of a recoilless launch gun with high projectile velocity [J ] . Journal of Physics:Conference Series , 2024 ,2891:122027.

庞春桥 , 陶钢 , 李召 , 等 . 轻型无后坐力炮的动不平衡冲量特性 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2020 , 41 ( 12 ), 2424 - 2431 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.12.007 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.12.007 为了深入探究后后效期对轻型无后坐力炮动不平衡冲量影响的物理内涵，通过试验方法对某轻型无后坐力炮进行测试。在对测试结果进行分析基础上，结合振动系统运动稳定性理论建立相关数学模型。基于试验测试结果以及模型计算结果进行分析，结果表明：轻型无后坐力炮在发射过程中存在后后效期；振动系统运动稳定性理论可以用于轻型无后坐力炮后后效期剩余火药燃气对发射器动不平衡冲量影响机理的研究；低温条件下火药燃烧不充分，当出现不稳定燃烧时会导致发射器前冲。

PANG C Q , TAO G , LI Z , et al . Dynamic unbalance impulse charecteristics of a light recoilless rifle [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2020 , 41 ( 12 ): 2424 - 2431 . (in Chinese) DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.12.007 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2020.12.007 A light recoilless rifle was tested experimentally to deeply explore the influence of a period after an aftereffect period on dynamic unbalance impulse of light recoilless rifle. A relevant mathematical model is established based on the analysis of the test results and the motion stability theory of vibration system. The test and calculated results of the model were analyzed. The results show that there is a period after an aftereffect period in the launching process of light recoilless rifle. In the a period after an aftereffect period of light recoilless rifle， the motion stability theory of vibration system can be used to study the mechanism of the influence of residual propellant gas on the dynamic unbalance impulse of launcher. Under the condition of low temperature，the propellant combustion is insufficient，which may lead to the forward moving of the launcher.

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LI Z J , WANG H . Mechanism of evolution of shock wave of muzzle jet under initial interference and its simplified model [J ] . Aerospace , 2024 , 11 ( 5 ): 381

ZEIDAN D , BÄHR,P , FARBER P , et al . Numerical investigation of a mixture two-phase flow model in two-dimensional space [J ] . Computers & Fluids , 2019 ,181: 90 - 106 .

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ZHANG B , FU E F , SHI H Y , et al . Improvement in high temperature-resistant performance and waterproof property of combustible cartridge case with BEMS resin based composite coating [J ] . Propellants,Explosives,Pyrotechnics , 2022 , 47 ( 3 ): e202100303 .

ZHANG X B , CHENG C H . Influence of serial and parallel structures on the two-phase flow behaviors for dual combustion chambers with a propelled body [J ] . Powder Technology , 2017 ,314: 442 - 454 .

HU C B , ZHANG X B . Influence of multiple structural parameters on interior ballistics based on orthogonal test methods [J ] . Defence Technology , 2019 , 15 ( 5 ): 690 - 697 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2019.06.014 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.06.014 Influence of multiple structural parameters on the performance of a gun launch system driven by high-pressure reactive gases is important for structural design and performance adjustment. A coupled lumped parameter model was utilized to predict the propellant combustion, and a dynamic finite element method was applied to approximate the mechanical interactions between the projectile and the barrel. The combustion and the mechanical interactions were coupled through a user subroutine interface in ABAQUS. The correctness and the capability of the finite element approximations in capturing small structural changes were validated by comparing predicted resistance with experiments. Based on the coupled model, the influence of structural parameters of a medium-caliber gun on the system performance was investigated. In order to reduce the research costs, orthogonal tests were designed to investigate the comprehensive effects of the parameters. According to statistical analysis, the important order of the structural parameters on the launching process was obtained. The results indicate that the influence of the width of the rotating band stands out among the studied parameters in the gun. The work provides a method to investigate the influence of multiple parameters on system performance and gives guidance for controlling the system performance. © 2019 The Authors

XUE X C , YU Y G , XIE J M , et al . The influence of nozzle diameters on the interaction characteristic of combustion-gas jets and liquid [J ] . Defence Technology , 2017 , 13 ( 4 ): 257 - 262 . DOI: 10.1016/j.dt.2017.05.016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2017.05.016 To investigate the controlling method of interior ballistic stability of bulk-loaded propellant guns, the combustion-gas generator and cylindrical stepped-wall chamber are designed aiming at the injection processes of combustion-gases in liquid. The expansion courses of Taylor cavities and the turbulent mixing characteristic of gas–liquid are recorded by means of high speed photographic system. Based on the experiment, three-dimensional unsteady model on the interaction of gas and liquid is established to simulate expansion characteristics of twin combustion-gas jets in liquid under different nozzle diameters. The distribution regularities of characteristic parameter in jet field are obtained and analyzed. The results show the pressure, velocity and temperature distributions under different nozzle diameters are basically the same at the initial time. As time goes on, these characteristic parameters under different nozzle diameters have large differences. © 2017

邹伟伟 , 郝晓琴 , 张志勇 , 等 . 小口径可燃药筒及装药的燃烧性能研究 [J ] . 兵工学报 , 2015 , 36 ( 8 ): 1423 - 1429 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.08.008 http://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-1093.2015.08.008 为改善可燃药筒的燃尽性，以含能纤维为添加组分，经抽滤模压工艺制备了3个配方的小口径可燃药筒，并对所制药筒的燃烧性能与力学性能进行了测试研究，同时分析了药筒装药的能量释放规律。结果表明：含能纤维的引入能够使得可燃药筒的燃烧速度加快，燃烧结束时间缩短，火药力增大，药筒的燃尽性得到改善；和4/7-单与可燃药筒组成的装药相比，可燃药筒与19孔火药匹配较合理，装药能量下降幅度小，能量释放充分。可燃药筒与19孔火药组成装药的射击实验表明，含能纤维的加入能够提高药筒装药的弹道性能。

ZOU W W , HAO X Q , ZHANG Z Y , et al . Research on combustion performance of small-bore molded combustible cartridge case and charge [J ] . Acta Armamentarii , 2015 , 36 ( 8 ): 1423 - 1429 . (in Chinese)