Design and Key Technologies of Intelligent Non-lethal Electromagnetic Constant Kinetic Energy Strike Weapon System：a Review

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2025.0264

Abstract

Abstract:

The complex nature of missions executed by the Armed Police Force imposes higher requirements on the precision and control of strike effects of firearms.This paper focuses on the design and key technologies of intelligent non-lethal electromagnetic constant kinetic energy strike weapon systems.A “human-weapon integration” precision strike model is constructed by integratiing artificial intelligence，electromagnetic launch，and constant kinetic energy strike theories to achieve the dynamic control of non-lethal kinetic energy output.A hierarchical framework and operational mechanism based on the “perception-decision-execution” architecture are proposed by reviewing the global development status of intelligent firearms and analyzing the design necessity and intelligent connotation of weapon systems.Key technologies including line-of-sight stabilization，trajectory computation with terminal energy threshold，and electromagnetic launch control are thoroughly analyzed.The future development directions and potential contradictions of weapon systems are presented，transitioning from theoretical research to practical combat applications and providing effective support for equipment upgrading and operational effectiveness enhancement of Armed Police Force.

Key words: smart firearms, non-lethal electromagnetic kinetic energy weapon, constant kinetic energy strike, design of weapon system

GU Tianhang, LI Yongli, WAN Quanbai. Design and Key Technologies of Intelligent Non-lethal Electromagnetic Constant Kinetic Energy Strike Weapon System：a Review[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(S1): 250264-.

Figures/Tables 10

References 104

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型号	质量/ g	尺寸/ mm×mm×mm	放大倍率	对地精确打击距离/m	对空无人机精确毁伤距离/m
SMASH 2000	1185	198×81×82	1	300	0
SMASH 2000 PLUS	980	198×81×82	1	300	200
SMASH 2000L/3000	740	164×73.5×75	1	300	200
SMASH AD	1390	209×117×82	1	300	250
SMASH X4	1120	206×89×83/ 206×102×83	4	400	250

型号	质量/ g	尺寸/ mm×mm×mm	放大倍率	对地精确打击距离/m	对空无人机精确毁伤距离/m
SMASH 2000	1185	198×81×82	1	300	0
SMASH 2000 PLUS	980	198×81×82	1	300	200
SMASH 2000L/3000	740	164×73.5×75	1	300	200
SMASH AD	1390	209×117×82	1	300	250
SMASH X4	1120	206×89×83/ 206×102×83	4	400	250

标准名称	影响因子	适用弹丸	非致命阈值	主要缺点
动能标准	冲击速度；弹丸质量	传统弹丸	中国<98J 美国<78J	无法精准评估是否形成穿透伤
比动能标准	冲击速度；弹丸质量；弹丸冲击截面积；弹丸半径	传统弹丸	<12.0J/cm²	无法指导评估未穿透时目标损伤风险
钝性标准	冲击速度；弹丸质量；弹丸直径；目标体重；目标体壁厚度	传统弹丸	<0.37	未考虑弹丸和目标材料特性
粘性标准	冲击速度；胸腔压缩率	各类弹丸	≤0.8m/s	收集参数困难，测试程序复杂

标准名称	影响因子	适用弹丸	非致命阈值	主要缺点
动能标准	冲击速度；弹丸质量	传统弹丸	中国<98J 美国<78J	无法精准评估是否形成穿透伤
比动能标准	冲击速度；弹丸质量；弹丸冲击截面积；弹丸半径	传统弹丸	<12.0J/cm²	无法指导评估未穿透时目标损伤风险
钝性标准	冲击速度；弹丸质量；弹丸直径；目标体重；目标体壁厚度	传统弹丸	<0.37	未考虑弹丸和目标材料特性
粘性标准	冲击速度；胸腔压缩率	各类弹丸	≤0.8m/s	收集参数困难，测试程序复杂

电磁发射技术	主要优势	主要缺点
轨道式电磁发射技术	1.发射原理和结构简单 2.出口速度快、有效射程远 3.实现较大能级的负载发射	1.需采用大容量脉冲电源 2.轨道烧蚀严重，寿命短 3.滑动摩擦损失较多，效率低
线圈式电磁发射技术	1.不需要大容量脉冲电源 2.无接触发射，避免轨道烧蚀 3.摩擦损失减少，能量利用率高	1.运行机制和结构复杂 2.准确把握发射负载运动位置难度大 3.线圈供电和多级加速的响应控制难度大
电机式电磁发射技术	1.适应多类别负载的载荷需求，应用范围广 2.对发射负载初速度控制精准，误差范围在±1m/s	1.武器平台体量大 2.电力电子器件功率与频率相矛盾