Liquefaction Characteristics of Three-phase Saturated Calcareous Sand under Explosive Loading

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0739

Abstract

Abstract:

Due to a large number of pores inside the calcareous sand, the calcareous sand is usually in a three-phase saturated state, and its liquefaction characteristics are significantly different from the fully saturated state. The large-scale explosion model of three-phase saturated calcareous sand is test out by using a self-developed device. The explosion liquefaction characteristics of calcareous sand under three-phase saturation is analyzed. A long-term dissipation model of excess pore water pressure of three-phase saturated calcareous sand is established. A dynamic liquefaction model is established for the characteristics of three-phase saturated calcareous sand, and the reliability of the model is verified by numerical simulation of explosion experiment. The research results can provide reference for the analysis of foundation stability and the construction of safety protection facilities after the explosion disaster in coastal islands.

Key words: calcareous sand, explosive loading, three-phase saturated state, liquefaction

CLC Number:

LI Xiaodong, WANG Yasong, QIU Yanyu, WANG Mingyang, YUE Songlin, WANG Jianping, DENG Shuxin. Liquefaction Characteristics of Three-phase Saturated Calcareous Sand under Explosive Loading[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(S1): 170-179.

Figures/Tables 19

Fig.1 Explosion experiment device

Table 1 Physical indexes of samples

最小干密度/ (g·cm^-3)	最大干密度/ (g·cm^-3)	比重 G_s	天然孔隙比 e	内摩擦角 φ/(°)	压缩模量 E_s/MPa	剪切波速 v_s/(m·s^-1)
1.129	1.51	2.846	0.55	35.41	21.679	269.618

Fig.2 Grain size distributions of samples

Table 2 Experiment program

试验编号	起爆方式	炸药当量/g	埋深/cm
S1	单点	8	95
S2	单点	27	92
S3	单点	64	100
M1	两点100ms延迟	8, 16	80, 77
M2	三点100ms延迟	27, 27, 27	100, 100, 100

Fig.3 Vertical profile of sensor distribution

Fig.4 Typical pressure-time curve of three-phase saturated calcareous sand under single explosion loading

Fig.5 Variation curves of excess pore water pressure at measurin point B1 in Tests S1 and S3

Fig.6 Variation curves of excess pore water pressure at measuring point B1 in Tests S2 and M2

Fig.7 Relationship between the peak excess pore water pressure and the scaled distance

Fig.8 Relationship between the peak pressure and the scaled distancez

Table 3 Empirical equations of peak excess pore pressures of different saturated sands

经验关系	砂土类型
u_pk=50093[m/kg^1/3]^-2.38	冲积河砂^[27]
u_pk=143000[m/kg^1/3]^-2.34	尾矿砂^[27]
u_pk=47900[m/kg^1/3]^-1.45,D_r=48% u_pk=47400[m/kg^1/3]^-1.45,D_r=74% u_pk=47200[m/kg^1/3]^-1.45,D_r=99%	混凝土骨料^[28]

Fig.9 Relationship between the pore pressure ratio and the scaled distance z

Fig.10 Long-term dissipation of excess pore pressures at measuring points B1, B2 and B4 in Tests S2, S3 and M2

Fig.11 Fitting results of excess pore water pressure dissipation

Table 4 Fitting parameters of excess pore water pressure dissipation

试验编号	u_e0/kPa	u_r/kPa	α	R²
S2-B₁	2.45	1.93	0.022	0.998
S3-B₁	2.61	1.30	0.071	0.999
M2-B₁	2.65	1.37	0.045	0.996
S2-B₂	2.29	1.94	0.020	0.998
S3-B₂	2.45	1.28	0.072	0.999
M2-B₂	2.43	1.28	0.046	0.996
S2-B₄	2.16	1.76	0.026	0.998
S3-B₄	2.03	1.14	0.091	0.999
M2-B₄	2.17	0.99	0.042	0.998

Table 5 Initial state conditions of each component of sample

组分	含量/%	初始压力	初始密度	声速
空气	α₁	p_a	ρ₁₀	c₁₀
水	α₂	p_w	ρ₂₀	c₂₀
固体颗粒	α₃	p_s	ρ₃₀	c₃₀

Fig.12 Numerical calculation geometric model of three-phase saturated calcareous sand

Table 6 Specific parameters of calcareous sand

ρ/ (g·cm^-3)	G/GPa	K/GPa	a₀/ 10¹⁰Pa²	a₁/ 10⁵Pa²	a₂/ 10^-1
1.44	0.2967	2.34	2.94	4.1477	2.451

Fig.13 Comparison of pressure waveforms generated by test and simulation

References 28

[1]	ATA A, SALEM T N, HASSAN R. Geotechnical characterization of the calcareous sand in northern coast of Egypt[J]. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 2018, 9(4): 3381-3390. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2018.03.008 URL
[2]	LÜ Y, LIU J, XIONG Z, et al. One-dimensional dynamic compressive behavior of dry calcareous sand at high strain rates[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical, 2019, 11(1):192-201.
[3]	WANG X Z, JIAO Y Y, WANG R, et al. Engineering characteristics of the calcareous sand in Nansha Islands, South China Sea[J]. Engineering Geology, 2011, 120(1/2/3/4):40-47. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.03.011 URL
[4]	SALEM M, ELMAMLOUK H, AGAIBY S, et al. Static and cyclic behavior of north coast calcareous sand in Egypt[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2013, 55(12): 83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.09.001 URL
[5]	RASOULI M, MORADI M, GHALANDARZADEH A J M G, et al. Effects of initial static shear stress orientation on cyclic behavior of calcareous sand[J]. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2021, 39(5): 554-568.
[6]	SHARMA S S, ISMAIL M, ENGINEERING G. Monotonic and cyclic behavior of two calcareous Soils of different origins[J]. Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental, 2006, 132(12):1581-1591.
[7]	HYODD M, HYDE A, ARAMAKI N. Liquefaction of crushable soils[J]. Geotechnique, 1998, 48(4): 527-543. doi: 10.1680/geot.1998.48.4.527 URL
[8]	SANDOVAL E A, PANDO M. Experimental assessment of the liquefaction resistance of calcareous biogenous sands[J]. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 2012, 16(1): 55-63.
[9]	KARINSKI Y, FELDGUN V, RACAH E, et al. Mach stem due to an underground explosion near a rigid structure buried in soil[J]. Shock Waves, 2015, 25: 63-76. doi: 10.1007/s00193-014-0544-1 URL
[10]	DOWDING C H, HRYCIW R. A laboratory study of blast densification of saturated sand[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1986, 112(2):187-199. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1986)112:2(187) URL
[11]	钱七虎, 王明洋. 岩土中的冲击爆炸效应[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2010.
	QIAN Q H, WANG M Y. Shock explosion effect in rock and soil[M]. Beijing: National Defence Industry Press, 2010. (in Chinese)
[12]	GOHL W, JEFFERIES M, HOWIES J, et al. Explosive compaction: design, implementation and effectiveness[J]. Geotechnique, 2000, 50(6): 657-665. doi: 10.1680/geot.2000.50.6.657 URL
[13]	VAN I W, MEYUS I. Soil compaction by blasting in the zeebrugge area[C]// Proceedings of the 1st Iranian Int.Sem.On SMFE.Tehran:[s.n.], 1989.
[14]	ASHFORD S A, ROLLINS K M, LANE J D J J O G, et al. Blast-induced liquefaction for full-scale foundation testing[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental, 2004, 130(8): 798-806.
[15]	ROLLINS K. Liquefaction mitigation using vertical composite drains: full scale testing[J]. NCHRP-IDEA Program Project Final Report, 2004.
[16]	YANKELEVSKY D Z, KARINSKI Y S, FELDGUN V. Re-examination of the shock wave's peak pressure attenuation in soils[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2011, 38(11): 864-881. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2011.05.011 URL
[17]	周健, 屈俊童, 李怡闻. 爆炸法密实饱和砂的模型试验研究[J]. 岩土力学与工程学报, 2005, 24(增刊2):5443-5448.
	ZHOU J, QU J T, LI Y W. Model test study on dense saturated sand by explosion method[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(S2):5443-5448. (in Chinese)
[18]	SHAHNAZARI H, REZVANI R. Effective parameters for the particle breakage of calcareous sands: an experimental study[J]. Engineering Geology, 2013, 159: 98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.03.005 URL
[19]	LÜ Y, LIU J, XIONG Z J, et al. One-dimensional dynamic compressive behavior of dry calcareous sand at high strain rates[J]. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2019, 11(1): 192-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.013 URL
[20]	FINN W L, PICKERING D J, BRANSBY P, et al. Sand liquefaction in triaxial and simple shear tests[J]. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 1971, 97(4): 639-659. doi: 10.1061/JSFEAQ.0001579 URL
[21]	CHARLIE W A, VERYERA G E, DOEHRING D O, et al. Blast induced liquefaction potential and transient porewater pressure response of saturated sands[R]. Fort Collins,CO, US: Colorado State University Fort Collins Dept of Civil Engineering, 1985.
[22]	CHARLIE W A, BRETZ T E, SCHURE L A, et al. Blast-induced pore pressure and liquefaction of saturated sand[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2013, 139(8):1308-1319. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000846 URL
[23]	HUBERT M E. Shock loading of water saturated Eniwetok coral sand[D]. CO,US: Colorado State University, 1986.
[24]	徐学勇, 汪稔, 胡明鉴, 等. 饱和钙质砂爆炸密实动力特性试验研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2012, 33(2):402-406.
	XU X Y, WANG R, HU M J, et al. Experimental study of dynamic characteristics of saturated calcareous soil explosion compaction[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2012, 33(2):402-406. (in Chinese)
[25]	徐学勇, 汪稔, 王新志, 等. 饱和钙质砂爆炸响应动力特性试验研究[J]. 岩土力学, 2012, 33(10):2953-2959.
	XU X Y, WANG R, WANG X Z, et al. Experimental study on dynamic characteristics of explosion response of saturated calcareous sand[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2012, 33(10):2953-2959. (in Chinese)
[26]	WANG Z Q, LU Y, BAI C H. Numerical analysis of blast-induced liquefaction of soil[J]. Computers & Geotechnics, 2008, 35(2):196-209.
[27]	CHARLIE W A, JACOBS P J, DOEHRING D. Blast-induced liquefaction of an alluvial sand deposit[J]. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 1992, 15(1):10.
[28]	AL-QASIMI E, CHARLIE W A, WOELLER D. Canadian liquefaction experiment (CANLEX):blast-induced ground motion and pore pressure experiments[J]. Astm Geotechnical Testing Journal, 2005, 28(1): 9-21.