CL-20基含铝炸药超压爆轰实验及其状态方程标定

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2024.0382

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高能炸药在装药结构、不同起爆方式等强载荷激励下产生的超压爆轰状态,可提高炸药能量释放能力。针对新型六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane,CL-20)基含铝炸药在超压爆轰作功下的核心问题,就是如何准确表征超压爆轰产物的状态。为此,基于阻抗匹配法测试了CL-20基含铝炸药在超压爆轰条件下的粒子速度,计算冲击波在不同介质中的界面压力,确定CL-20基含铝炸药爆轰反应区的特征参量,结合实数遗传算法(Real-Arithmetic Genetic Algorithm,RA-GA),标定爆轰产物的JWL+多方指数γ状态方程参数,并揭示不同爆轰产物状态方程对超压爆轰雨贡纽压力的影响。研究结果表明:当铝粉含量为0%~30%时,CL-20基含铝炸药超压爆轰反应区持续时间、爆轰反应区宽度与铝粉含量呈正比,较无添加铝粉的反应区宽度增加了1.97~2.7倍,但爆轰应区能量释放效率与铝粉含量呈反比;铝粉含量相同时,添加AP后爆轰反应区能量释放效率降低了25%。另相较于现有超压爆轰状态方程,采用JWL+γ方程能较好地标定超压雨贡纽参数和C-J状态的等熵膨胀,压力计算结果与实验结果偏差在5.5%之内,可为深入认识炸药爆轰反应区的动态力学行为提供理论支撑。

关键词: 超压爆轰, 六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷基含铝炸药, 反应区, 阻抗匹配, 超压爆轰状态方程

Abstract:

The overdriven detonation states of high-energy explosives under the conditions of charge structure,different detonation methods and other strong load excitation can improve the explosive energy release ability. The state of ODD products is accurately characterized to address the core problem of the new hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based aluminized explosives under the action of overdriven detonation (ODD).To this end,the particle velocity of CL-20-based aluminized explosives under ODD conditions is tested based on the impedance matching method,the interfacial pressures of the shock wave in different media are calculated,and the characteristic parameters of detonation reaction zone of CL-20-based aluminized explosives are determined.The parameters of JWL+γ equation of state for the detonation products are calibrated by combining with the real-arithmetic genetic algorithm (RA-GA),and the effects of the equations of state of the different detonation products on the overdriven Hugoniot pressure are revealed.The results show that,when the content of aluminium powder is 0%-30%,the duration of overdriven detonation reaction zone and the width of detonation reaction zone of CL-20-based aluminium-containing explosives are directly proportional to the content of aluminium powder,and the width of the reaction zone is increased by 1.97-2.7 times compared with that of the reaction zone without added aluminium powder,while the efficiency of energy release of detonation reaction zone is inversely proportional to the content of aluminium powder.When the content of aluminum powder is the same,the energy release efficiency of the detonation reaction zone is decreased by 25% after adding AP.Compared with the existing overdriven detonation equation of state,JWL+γ equation of state can better fit the overpressure Hugoniot parameters and the isentropic expansion of C-J state,and the deviation of the calculated pressure results from the experimental results is less than 5.5%,which can provide theoretical support for thoroughly understanding of the dynamic mechanical behaviour of explosive detonation reaction zone.

Key words: overdriven detonation, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane-based aluminized explosive, reaction zone, impedance matching, equation of state for overdriven detonation

中图分类号:

TJ55
O389

刘沫言, 刘彦, 白帆, 杨利, 何超, 王虹富, 高晨宇, 黄风雷. CL-20基含铝炸药超压爆轰实验及其状态方程标定[J]. 兵工学报, 2025, 46(6): 240382-.

LIU Moyan, LIU Yan, BAI Fan, YANG Li, HE Chao, WANG Hongfu, GAO Chenyu, HUANG Fenglei. Overdriven Detonation Test of CL-20-based Aluminized Explosive and Determination of Its Equation of State[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2025, 46(6): 240382-.

图/表 35

图1 超压爆轰结构

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of overdriven detonation structure

图2 炸药/LiF窗口界面粒子速度测试系统

Fig 2 Explosive /LiF window interface particle velocity test system

图3 粒径13μmAl粉扫描电子显微镜图

Fig.3 Scanning electron micrograph of 13μm Al powder

图4 铝粉粒径的粒度分布

Fig.4 Particle size distribution of aluminum powder

图5 CL-20原料扫描电子显微镜图

Fig.5 Scanning electron micrograph of CL-20 raw material

图6 CL-20颗粒粒径粒度分布

Fig.6 Particle size distribution of CL-20

表1 被测炸药的组分配比

Table 1 Component ratio of the tested explosive

序号	被测炸药成分和比例/%				ρ₀/ (g·cm^-3)	p_CJ/ GPa	D_CJ/ (m·s^-1)
序号	CL-20	Al	粘结剂	AP	ρ₀/ (g·cm^-3)	p_CJ/ GPa	D_CJ/ (m·s^-1)
1	68.5	25	6.5		1.888	30.477	8031.612
2	78.5	15	6.5		1.888	32.952	8355.447
3	64.0	30	6.0		1.980	30.810	8059.320
4	54.0	30	6.0	10	1.980	31.510	7694.680

图7 被测炸药配方的成品药柱

Fig.7 Finished grains of the tested explosive formula

图8 爆轰波在不同材料中传播的透射与反射的雨贡纽曲线

Fig.8 Hugoniot curves of transmission and reflection of detonation waves propagating in different materials

图9 爆轰波与LiF窗口作用前

Fig.9 Before detonation wave acting on LiF window

图10 爆轰波与LiF窗口作用后

Fig.10 After detonation wave acting on LiF window

表2 实验所用材料的雨贡纽参数

Table 2 Hugoniot parameters of materials used in the experiment

材料	C_i/ (cm·μs^-1)	S_i	$ρ i 0$ / (g·cm^-3)	阻抗/ (g·cm^-3·μs)
LiF窗口	0.518	1.353	2.641	1.367
铜飞片	0.394	1.489	8.930	3.515
2A12铝	0.534	1.345	2.700	2.260

表2 实验所用材料的雨贡纽参数

Table 2 Hugoniot parameters of materials used in the experiment

材料	C_i/ (cm·μs^-1)	S_i	$ρ i 0$ / (g·cm^-3)	阻抗/ (g·cm^-3·μs)
LiF窗口	0.518	1.353	2.641	1.367
铜飞片	0.394	1.489	8.930	3.515
2A12铝	0.534	1.345	2.700	2.260

图11 修后的炸药/LiF窗口界面粒子速度变化历史

Fig.11 History of particle velocity changes at the interface of the repaired explosive/LiF window

图12 阻抗匹配法得到不同分界面的压力图解过程

Fig.12 Pressure mapping processes at different interfaces obtained through the impedance matching method

表3 炸药配方2的实验测试结果

Table 3 Experimental test results of explosive formula 3

工况	铜飞片速度/(km·s^-1)			铝基板中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	铝基板中压力/GPa	炸药样品中粒子速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中压力/GPa	V
工况	理论计算值	实验值	误差/%	铝基板中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	铝基板中压力/GPa	炸药样品中粒子速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中冲击波速度/(km·s^-1)	炸药样品中压力/GPa	V
50	3.650	3.467	5.280	8.523	54.550	2.688	8.875	45.040	0.6970
	3.650	3.729	-2.120	8.760	60.540	2.807	8.960	47.790	0.6890
	3.650	3.698	-1.290	8.731	59.760	2.864	9.073	49.060	0.6850
80	3.900	3.741	4.250	8.771	60.720	2.896	9.119	49.860	0.6830
	3.900	3.796	2.740	8.820	61.930	2.936	9.170	50.830	0.6798
	3.900	3.882	0.460	8.897	63.610	3.085	9.343	54.420	0.6700
100	3.980	3.769	2.790	8.796	61.340	2.917	9.144	50.360	0.6810
	3.980	3.872	2.790	8.888	63.640	2.994	9.236	52.210	0.6760
	3.980	4.136	-3.770	9.126	69.700	3.193	9.472	57.100	0.6630

图13 超压下的铝基板速度(左)和炸药粒子速度(右)

Fig.13 Aluminium substrate velocity (left) and explosive particle velocity (right) under overdriven detonation

图14 炸药配方2超压爆轰产物的D-u曲线

Fig.14 D-u plots of overdriven detonation products of explosive formula 2

图15 炸药配方2超压爆轰产物雨贡纽关系

Fig.15 Hugoniot relationship for overdriven detonation products of explosive formula 2

图16 炸药配方2超压爆轰状态下D-u曲线

Fig.16 D-u curve of explosive formula 2 under overdriven detonation state

表4 超压爆轰状态方程

Table 4 Equation of state for overdriven detonation

名称	模型描述
γ律方程^[29]	p_γ= $γ γ (γ + 1) γ + 1 ρ 0 D 2 V γ$
JWL方程^[28]	p=A $1 - ω R 1 V$ exp(-R₁V)+B $1 - ω R 2 V$ exp(-R₂V)+ $ω E V$
Davis方程^[18-20]	$p (V, E) = E V γ - 1 + F (V) 1 + b 1 - E E s (V) F (V) = 2 a (V / V C J) - n (V / V C J) n + (V / V C J) - n E s (V) = p C J V C J γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ - 1 + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n p s (V) = p C J γ - 1 + F (V) γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n$
JWLT方程^[17]	$E s = [1 + F e (V)] A R 1 e - R 1 V + B R 2 e - R 2 V + C ω V - ω p s = [1 + F p (V)] A e - R 1 V + B e - R 2 V + C V - (1 + ω)$ F_e(V)=A₀ $(V C J - V) 3$ +B₀ $(V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ F_p(V)= $3 A 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 2$ + $A 0 + 4 B 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 3$ + $B 0 + 5 C 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ p_H= $p s + ω V (E 0 - E s)$ / $1 - ω 2 V (1 - V)$
JWL+γ方程^[23]	p=m $A 1 - ω R 1 V e x p (- R 1 V) + B 1 - ω R 2 V e x p (- R 2 V) + ω E V$ +(1-m) $(γ - 1) E V$

表4 超压爆轰状态方程

Table 4 Equation of state for overdriven detonation

名称	模型描述
γ律方程^[29]	p_γ= $γ γ (γ + 1) γ + 1 ρ 0 D 2 V γ$
JWL方程^[28]	p=A $1 - ω R 1 V$ exp(-R₁V)+B $1 - ω R 2 V$ exp(-R₂V)+ $ω E V$
Davis方程^[18-20]	$p (V, E) = E V γ - 1 + F (V) 1 + b 1 - E E s (V) F (V) = 2 a (V / V C J) - n (V / V C J) n + (V / V C J) - n E s (V) = p C J V C J γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ - 1 + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n p s (V) = p C J γ - 1 + F (V) γ - 1 + a V V C J - (γ + a) 12 V V C J n + 12 V V C J - n a / n$
JWLT方程^[17]	$E s = [1 + F e (V)] A R 1 e - R 1 V + B R 2 e - R 2 V + C ω V - ω p s = [1 + F p (V)] A e - R 1 V + B e - R 2 V + C V - (1 + ω)$ F_e(V)=A₀ $(V C J - V) 3$ +B₀ $(V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ F_p(V)= $3 A 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 2$ + $A 0 + 4 B 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 3$ + $B 0 + 5 C 0 R 1 (V C J - V) 4$ +C₀ $(V C J - V) 5$ p_H= $p s + ω V (E 0 - E s)$ / $1 - ω 2 V (1 - V)$
JWL+γ方程^[23]	p=m $A 1 - ω R 1 V e x p (- R 1 V) + B 1 - ω R 2 V e x p (- R 2 V) + ω E V$ +(1-m) $(γ - 1) E V$

表5 6种炸药EOS参数

Table 5 EOS parameters of 6 explosives

炸药	ρ₀/ (g·cm^-3)	D_CJ/ (m·s^-1)	p_CJ/ GPa	V_CJ	γ
TNT	1.630	6930	21.00	0.7317	2.727
COMPB	1.717	7980	29.50	0.7302	2.706
PBX 9501	1.840	8800	37.00	0.7403	2.851
PBX 9404	1.844	8800	37.00	0.7409	2.851
JB-9014	1.894	7.640	26.90	0.7567	3.062
LX-17	1.905	7596	25.00	0.7726	2.841

图17 基于基因RA-GA的具体操作流程

Fig.17 Specific operation flow based on genetic RA-GA

图18 最优个体的适应度值随进化次数变化

Fig.18 The fitness value of the optimal individual changing with the evolution times

图19 炸药拟合参数与标准参数p-V曲线对比

Fig.19 Comparison of p-V curves between fitting and standard parameters of explosives

表6 炸药超压爆轰产物的状态方程参数拟合结果

Table 6 Fitting results of the EOS parameters for the overdriven detonation products of the explosives

炸药	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/GPa	m
TNT	346.70	4.145	4.001	1.998	0.433	7.0	0.738
COMPB	500.39	10.47	4.110	1.597	0.366	9.2	0.368
PBX 9501	778.63	20.47	4.410	1.599	0.308	10.2	0.467
PBX 9404	732.67	24.17	4.300	1.999	0.307	10.2	0.355
JB-9014	667.48	3.052	4.350	1.180	0.310	7.0	0.479
LX-17	962.69	14.76	4.998	1.988	0.494	6.9	0.437

图20 炸药超压爆轰产物p-V曲线

Fig.20 p-V curve of detonation product from explosive overdriven detonation

图21 PBX9404等熵指数随比容的变化

Fig.21 Variation of isentropic index with specific volume for PBX9404

图22 JB-9014炸药超压爆轰产物模型结果对比

Fig.22 Comparison of the model results for the overdriven-detonation products of JB-9014 explosive

图23 炸药强爆轰产物的p-V曲线

Fig.23 p-V curves of ODD products of explosives

表7 CL-20基含铝炸药的JWL+γ律状态方程参数

Table 7 JWL+γ law equation of state parameters of CL-20-based aluminized explosives

配方	ρ/(g·cm^-3)	D_CJ/(m·s^-1)	p_CJ/GPa	A/GPa	B/GPa	R₁	R₂	ω	E₀/GPa	γ	m
1	1.888	8031.612	30.5	750.8	45.7	4.51	2.71	0.43	8.00	3.1700	0.271
2	1.888	8355.447	33.0	1968.7	197.2	6.82	2.79	0.39	9.20	2.9210	0.340
3	1.980	8059.320	30.8	2760.0	24.0	6.19	1.64	0.32	7.67	3.1407	0.333
4	1.980	7694.680	31.5	2413.2	45.3	6.34	2.05	0.28	7.76	3.1410	0.144

图24 不同条件下 JWL+γ EOS 拟合结果与实验结果的平均偏差

Fig.24 Average deviation of JWL+γ EOS fitting results from experimental results for different explosives

图25 CL-20基含铝炸药与LiF 窗口的界面粒子速度

Fig.25 Interface particle velocity curve of CL-20-based aluminized explosive and LiF window

表8 炸药反应区参数

Table 8 Parameters of explosive reaction zone

配方	ρ₀/(g·cm^-3)		D_CJ/ GPa	t_CJ/ ns	u_CJ/ GPa	x/ mm	p_CJ/ GPa
配方	实验值	理论计算值	D_CJ/ GPa	t_CJ/ ns	u_CJ/ GPa	x/ mm	p_CJ/ GPa
1	1.888	2.018	8355	105	2178	0.65	33.60
2	1.888	2.061	8032	116	2003	0.70	30.50
3	1.980	2.096	8059	130	2068	0.78	30.80
4	1.980	2.080	7695	157	2053	0.89	31.50
5	1.916	1.992	8967	47	2191	0.33	34.30

图26 CL-20基含铝炸药爆轰持续时间、爆轰反应区宽度、爆速与铝含量的变化

Fig.26 Variation curves of detonation duration,detonation reaction zone width,detonation velocity and aluminum content of CL-20-based aluminized explosive

图27 CL-20/Al炸药反应区能量释放效率与铝含量的关系

Fig.27 Energy release efficiency in the reaction zone vs.aluminum content for CL-20/Al explosives

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