手枪弹撞击戴防弹头盔人体头颈部靶标的钝击效应

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2021.0858

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 防弹头盔虽然能有效防御手枪弹的贯穿性杀伤，但是头盔的瞬态变形仍有可能对人体头部造成严重损伤。为研究头盔致头部钝击伤，采用仿真软件Abaqus用户材料子程序 VUMAT编写适用于模拟复合材料防弹头盔力学性能的渐进损伤本构模型，基于防弹头盔三维数字图像相关法试验结果验证了仿真模型的准确性；开展9 mm铅芯手枪弹以343 m/s的速度撞击佩戴防弹头盔人体头颈部靶标的数值模拟，获得头盔鼓包高度、颅骨应力、颅内压力和颈椎应力等钝击效应特征量。研究结果表明：头盔未佩戴在人体头部时，顶部弹着点处的瞬态最大鼓包高度可以达到 27.7 mm；头盔佩戴在人体头部后，由于头部的支撑作用，弹着点处的头盔壳瞬态最大变形量减小为10.73 mm；钝击过程中颅骨上的最大应力达到46.97 MPa，并有单元失效，表明颅骨发生了凹陷性骨折；颅内压力最大值达到208.7 kPa，能够造成大脑等重要器官的中度损伤；各颈椎骨上均有较大应力；各椎间盘中心髓核处应力较大，C₂~C₃椎间盘上的应力最大，达到2.65 MPa。

关键词: 防弹头盔, 头颈部靶标, 手枪弹, 钝击效应

Abstract: Although bulletproof helmets can effectively prevent pistol bullets from penetration, the transient deformation may still cause serious damage to human head. To study behind-helmet blunt trauma, a progressive damage constitutive model is developed to simulate the mechanical properties of composite bulletproof helmets by using the Abaqus user material subroutine VUMAT. Then, the accuracy of the simulation model is verified using the Three-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation test results of the bulletproof helmet. Then, numerical simulation of the 9 mm lead pistol bullet impacting human head and neck target wearing a bulletproof helmet at 343 m/s is carried out. Blunt impact effect characteristics such as helmet bulge height, skull stress, intracranial pressure, and cervical stress are obtained. The results show that without the helmet, the transient maximum bulge height at the top impact point reaches 27.70 mm; with the helmet, the transient maximum deformation of the helmet shell at the impact point is reduced to 10.73 mm, due to the support of the helmet. During blunt impact, the maximum stress on the skull reaches 46.97 MPa and some units fail, indicating a concave fracture in the skull. The maximum intracranial pressure reaches 208.70 kPa, which can cause moderate damage to the brain and other important organs. The cervical vertebra is under a great deal of stress, so is the central nucleus pulposus of each intervertebral disc. The maximum stress on C₂-C₃ intervertebral disc is 2.65 MPa. Our research results provide scientific guidance to the treatment of blunt head and neck injury and the design of bulletproof helmets.

Key words: bulletproofhelmet, headandnecktarget, pistolbullet, bluntimpacteffect

中图分类号:

TJ012.4

沈周宇, 温垚珂, 闫文敏, 董方栋, 张俊斌, 李颖. 手枪弹撞击戴防弹头盔人体头颈部靶标的钝击效应[J]. 兵工学报, 2022, 43(9): 2101-2112.

SHEN Zhouyu, WEN Yaoke, YAN Wenmin, DONG Fangdong, ZHANG Junbin, LI Ying. Behind-Helmet Blunt Trauma of a Pistol Bullet Striking Ballistic Helmet-Covered Human Head and Neck Target[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2022, 43(9): 2101-2112.

参考文献

［1］ FREITAS C J, MATHIS J T, SCOTT N，et al. Dynamic response due to behind helmet blunt trauma measured with a human head surrogate[J].International Journal of Medical Sciences，2014，11(5): 409-425.
[2] 李焱,黄献聪.防弹头盔非贯穿性损伤评价研究进展[J].中国个体防护装备，2008(1):17-19.
LI Y, HUANG X C.Research progress of non penetrating damage evaluation of bulletproof helmet[J].China Personal Protective Equipment, 2008(1):17-19.(in Chinese)
[3] RAFAELS K A, CUTCLIFFE H C, SALZAR R S, et al.Injuries of the head from backface deformation of ballistic protective helmets under ballistic impact[J].Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2015, 60(1):219-225.
[4] 黄艺峰.手枪弹击中防弹头盔致颅脑损伤特点及机理的实验研究[D].重庆：第三军医大学, 2012.
HUANG Y F. Experimental study on characteristics and mechanism of craniocerebral injury caused by pistol bullet hitting bulletproof helmet[D]. Chongqing: Third Military Medical University, 2012.(in Chinese)
[5] LIU H, KANG J Y, CHEN J, et al. Intracranial pressure response to non-penetrating ballistic impact: an experimental study using a pig physical head model and live pigs[J]. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2012, 9(8):655-664.
[6] 栗志杰, 由小川, 柳占立, 等.基于三维头部数值模型的颅脑碰撞损伤机理研究[J]. 工程力学, 2019, 36(5):246-256.
LI Z J, YOU X C, LIU Z L, et al. Study on the mechanism of brain injury during head impact based on the three-dimensional numerical head model[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2019, 36(5): 246-256. (in Chinese)
[7] LI X G, GAO X L, KLEIVEN S. Behind helmet blunt trauma induced by ballistic impact:a computational model[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016, 91(5):56-67.
[8] SARRON J C, DANNAWI M, FAURE A, et al. Dynamic effects of a 9 mm missile on cadaveric skull protected by aramid, polyethylene or aluminum plate: an experimental Study[J]. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, 2004, 57(2): 236-243.
[9] MAO H J, YANG K H. Investigation of brain contusion mechanism and threshold by combining finite element analysis with in vivo histology data[J]. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering, 2011, 27(3):357-366.
[10] PINTAR F A, PHILIPPENS M M G M, ZHANG J Y, et al. Methodology to determine skull bone and brain responses from ballistic helmet-to-head contact loading using experiments and finite element analysis[J]. Medical Engineering & Physics, 2013, 35(11):1682-1687.
[11] JAZI M S, REZAEI A, KARAMI G, et al.A computational study of influence of helmet padding materials on the human brain under ballistic impacts[J]. Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering, 2014, 17(12):1368-1382.
[12] CAI Z H, XIA Y, BAO Z, et al. Creating a human head finite element model using a multi-block approach for predicting skull response and brain pressure[J]. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019, 22(1/2/3/4):169-179.
[13] CAI Z H, HUANG X Y, XIA Y, et al.Study on behind helmet blunt trauma caused by high-speed bullet[J]. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 2020, 2020(7):1-12.
[14] 李泽民. 子弹冲击防弹头盔动力学响应及防护性能仿真研究[D]. 湘潭：湖南科技大学, 2016.
LI Z M. Simulation study on dynamic response and protective performance of bullet impact bulletproof helmet[D]. Xiangtan：Hunan University of Science and Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)
[15] 蔡志华, 包正, 王威, 等. 枪弹冲击防弹头盔致头部非贯穿性损伤的数值模拟研究[J].兵工学报, 2017, 38(6):1097-1105.
CAI Z H, BAO Z, WANG W, et al.Simulation of non-penetrating damage of head due to bullet impact to helmet[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2017, 38(6):1097-1105. (in Chinese)
[16] 郑秋杰, 郭迎福, 蔡志华, 等. 步枪弹高速冲击下防弹头盔功能梯度泡沫内衬的防护性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(6): 1275-1282.
ZHENG Q J, GUO Y F, CAI Z H, et al. Protective performance of functionally graded foam lining subjected to high-speed rifle bullet impact[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2021, 42(6):1275-1282. (in Chinese)
[17] CHANG L J, GUO Y F, HUANG X Y, et al.Experimental study on the protective performance of bulletproof plate and padding materials under ballistic impact[J]. Materials & Design, 2021, 207(2):109841.
[18] YANG J Z, DAI J C. Simulation-based assessment of rear effect to ballistic helmet impact[J].Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 2010, 7(1):59-73.
[19] 张金洋, 温垚珂, 陈箐, 等. 人体易损性建模及其评估技术研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2016, 37(4):165-168.
ZHANG J Y, WEN Y K, CHEN J, et al. Study on human vulnerability modeling and assessment technology[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2016, 37(4):165-168.(in Chinese)
[20] 罗小豪, 温垚珂, 闫文敏, 等. 基于ABAQUS二次开发的球形破片侵彻UHMWPE软质防弹衣数值模拟[J]. 复合材料学报, 2021, 38(10):3380-3393.
LUO X H, WEN Y K, YAN W M, et al. Numerical simulation of spherical fragment penetrating UHMWPE soft body armor based on ABAQUS[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2021, 38(10): 3380-3393.(in Chinese)
[21] LONG B T, TSE K M, LEE H P, et al. Performance of an advanced combat helmet with different interior cushioning systems in ballistic impact: Experiments and finite element simulations[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2012, 50:99-112.
[22] RUBIO I, RODRIGUEZ-MILLAN M, MARCO M, et al. Ballistic performance of aramid composite combat helmet for protection against small projectiles[J]. Composite Structures, 2019, 226:111153.
[23] 王涛. 基于多尺度方法的平纹机织复合材料低速冲击损伤研究[D]. 郑州: 郑州大学，2020.
WANG T. Research on low velocity impact damage of plane woven composites based on multi-scale method[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2020. (in Chinese)
[24] 程之遥, 张健. 基于内聚力模型的层合板屈曲行为分析[J]. 西安理工大学学报, 2020, 36(4):581-586.
CHENG Z Y, ZHANG J. Buckling behavior analysis of laminated plates based on cohesive force model[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Technology, 2020, 36(4):581-586. (in Chinese)
[25] CAMANHO P P, DAVILA C G, DE MOURA M F. Numerical simulation of mixed-mode progressive delamination in composite materials[J]. Journal of Composite Materials, 2003, 37(16):1415-1438.
[26] 罗小豪, 温垚珂, 闫文敏, 等. PASGT防弹头盔在手枪弹冲击下的防护性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2021, 39（7）:1-12.
LUO X H, WEN Y K, YAN W M, et al.Protective performance of PASGT combat helmet under pistol bullet impact[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2021, 39（7）:1-12. (in Chinese)
[27] JOHNSON G R, COOK W H. A constitutive model and data for metals subjected to large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures[J]. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 1983, 21:541-548.
[28] 舒畅, 程礼, 许煜. Johnson-Cook本构模型参数估计研究[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2020, 30(5):1073-1083.
SHU C, CHENG L, XU Y. Parameter estimation of Johnson-Cook constitutive model[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2020, 30(5):1073-1083. (in Chinese)
[29] 丁皓, 胡亚辉, 闫志强, 等. 三尖钻钻削皮质骨轴向力的仿真与试验研究[J]. 机床与液压, 2020, 48(20):1-4.
DING H, HU Y H, YAN Z Q, et al.Simulation and experimental study on the thrust force of cortical bone drilled by three-point drill[J]. Machine Tool & Hydraulics, 2020, 48(20): 1-4. (in Chinese)
[30] 栗志杰, 由小川, 柳占立, 等. 爆炸冲击波作用下颅脑损伤机理的数值模拟研究[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2020, 40(1):015901.
LI Z J, YOU X C, LIU Z L, et al. Numerical simulation of the mechanism of traumatic brain injury induced by blast shock waves[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2020, 40(1):015901. (in Chinese)
[31] 崔广宇. 枪弹对带防弹头盔的人体模拟靶标钝击效应研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2020.
CUI G Y. Study on blunt impact effect of bullet on human simulated target with bulletproof helmet[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2020. (in Chinese)
[32] 赵辉, 尹志勇, 蒋建新, 等. 准静态下颞部撞击致颅脑伤的有限元模拟分析及其临床意义[J]. 创伤外科杂志, 2008,10(2): 141-144.
ZHAO H, YIN Z Y, JIANG J X, et al. Finite-element simulation analysis of brain injury from temporal impact in quasi-static and its clinicla significance[J]. Journal of Traumatic Surgery, 2008,10(2):141-144. (in Chinese)
[33] 李容, 吕国荣, 王凌星. 孕期微波辐射暴露下调仔鼠脑前额叶皮质5-羟色胺2A受体的表达[J]. 解剖学杂志, 2018, 41(5): 544-546, 562.
LI R, L G R, WANG L X. Microwave radiation exposure during pregnancy down-regulates expression of 5-HT_2AR in the prefrontal cortex of offspring rats[J]. Chinese Journal of Anatomy, 2018, 41(5): 544-546, 562. (in Chinese)
[34] 董蕻, 刘先觉, 蒋建新, 等. 道路交通事故致行人中、重度颅脑损伤的有限元分析[J].中华创伤杂志, 2008, 24(10):775- 778.
DONG H, LIU X J, JIANG J X, et al.Finite element analysis on moderate and severe brain injury of pedestrians in road traffic accidents[J]. Chinese Journal of Traumatology, 2008, 24(10):775-778.(in Chinese)
[35] 胡青青, 汤云飞. 交通事故致弥漫性轴索损伤之损伤程度评定分析[J]. 法制博览, 2022(1):81-84.
HU Q Q, TANG Y F. Evaluation and analysis of injury degree of diffuse axonal injury caused by traffic accident[J]. Legality Vision, 2022(1):81-84.(in Chinese)
[36] 陈宋育, 董艳, 高亮. 弥漫性轴索损伤的诊断、预后评估和治疗进展[J]. 中华创伤杂志, 2020, 36(5):463-469.
CHEN S Y, DONG Y, GAO L. Research progress in diagnosis, prognostication and treatment of diffuse axonal injury[J]. Chinese Journal of Traumatology, 2020, 36(5):463-469.
(in Chinese)
[37] 朱伟, 张慧, 汪家春, 等.冲击性加速度对飞行员颈部的损伤与防护研究[J].中华航空航天医学杂志, 2009(3):228-232.
ZHU W, ZHANG H, WANG J C, et al. Researches of impact acceleration induced pilot's neck injuries and prevention methods[J]. Chinese Journal of Aerospace Medicine, 2009(3):228-232. (in Chinese)
[38] 姜文. 高速冲击下人体头颈部损伤分析[D]. 天津: 天津科技大学, 2012.
JIANG W. The impact analysis of the human head and neck injuries in high-speed[D]. Tianjin: Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 2012. (in Chinese)
[39] 王威, 毛征宇, 李桂兵, 等. 枪弹冲击下新型防弹头盔质量对颈椎损伤影响[J]. 医用生物力学, 2019，34(4):339-345.
WANG W, MAO Z Y, LI G B, et al.The effect of novel ballistic helmet weight on cervical spine injury under bullet impacts[J]. Journal of Medical Biomechanics, 2019,34(4):339-345. (in Chinese)

[1]	聂伟晓, 温垚珂, 董方栋, 覃彬, 罗小豪, 童梁成. 破片侵彻戴防弹头盔头部靶标钝击效应数值模拟[J]. 兵工学报, 2022, 43(9): 2075-2085.
[2]	郑秋杰, 郭迎福, 蔡志华, 张磊. 步枪弹高速冲击下防弹头盔功能梯度泡沫内衬的防护性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2021, 42(6): 1275-1282.
[3]	李潭，王璋，李照昌. 7.62mm手枪弹高速冲击下超高强钢塑性强化机理[J]. 兵工学报, 2020, 41(11): 2313-2319.
[4]	刘坤，吴志林，宁建国，任会兰，李忠新. 手枪弹对带软防护的明胶靶标侵彻机理与实验研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2018, 39(1): 1-17.
[5]	蔡志华, 包正, 王威, 毛征宇. 枪弹冲击防弹头盔致头部非贯穿性损伤的数值模拟研究[J]. 兵工学报, 2017, 38(6): 1097-1105.
[6]	李常胜1，黄献聪2，李焱2，王雷2，李茂辉2，周宏2. 软体防弹衣穿透概率的分析[J]. 兵工学报, 2013, 34(1): 20-24.