冲击波与爆轰实验瞬态光电测试技术研究进展

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0361

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冲击波物理与爆轰物理是发展爆轰装置物理设计,工程设计和效应研究的重点基础学科,主要研究在爆炸、冲击和能量突然沉积等强动载荷下介质、材料与结构的力学响应、效应和工程技术应用。适用于极端环境的先进瞬态光电测试技术是冲击波物理与爆轰物理研究发展的重要推动力。根据国内外冲击波与爆轰实验瞬态光电测试技术发展现状,梳理归纳了以高速摄影、X射线闪光照相、瞬态全息成像、瞬态辐射测温、瞬态干涉测速测距等为主的瞬态光电测试技术的特点和典型技术指标,总结分析了相关技术的未来发展趋势,可为我国冲击波与爆轰实验瞬态光电测试技术发展提供一定参考。

关键词: 冲击波物理, 爆轰物理, 瞬态, 成像, 光谱, 干涉, 光电测试技术

Abstract:

Shock wave physics and detonation physics is the key basis for detonation device physical design, engineering design and effect research, and are focused on researching the mechanical response, effect and engineering technology application of medium, materials and structures under strong dynamic loads such as explosion, shock and transient energy deposition. The advanced transient photoelectric measurement technology for extreme environments is an important driving force for the research and development of shock wave physics and detonation physics. Based on the current situation of transient photoelectric measurement technology for shock wave and detonation experiments at home and abroad, the characteristics and typical technical parameters of the main techniques, such as high-speed photography, X-ray flash photography, holographic imaging, transient pyrometer and Doppler velocimetries, are summarized. The development trend of these techniques is analyzed, which provides some references for the development of transient photoelectric measurement technology for shock wave and detonation experiments in China.

Key words: shock wave physics, detonation physics, transient, imaging, spectroscopy, interferometer, photoelectric measurement technology

中图分类号:

TH74

杜亮亮, 钱伟新, 刘寿先, 赵宇, 李生福, 翟召辉, 畅里华, 朱瑜, 翁继东, 吴建, 李俊, 朱礼国. 冲击波与爆轰实验瞬态光电测试技术研究进展[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(12): 3622-3640.

DU Liangliang, QIAN Weixin, LIU Shouxian, ZHAO Yu, LI Shengfu, ZHAI Zhaohui, CHANG Lihua, ZHU Yu, WENG Jidong, WU Jian, LI Jun, ZHU Liguo. Research Progress of Transient Photoelectric Measurement Technology for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics Experiments[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(12): 3622-3640.

图/表 31

图1 转镜式高速分幅相机和高速扫描相机原理图

Fig.1 Optical schematic diagram of high speed rotating mirror framing/streak camera

图2 超高速光电分幅相机原理图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of ultrahigh-speed optic electronic framing camera

图3 变像管扫描相机原理图

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of image converter streak camera

表1 OEFC-16F型超高速光电分幅相机参数

Table 1 Technical parameters of OEFC-16F optic electronic framing camera

参数	数值
光谱响应范围/nm	380~830
最高摄影频率(实测)/(帧·s^-1)	2×10⁸
最短曝光时间/ns	1
空间分辨率/(线对·mm^-1)	≥45
通道数	16(可调)
双曝光模式记录幅数	16~32

表2 OESC-5PS型变像管高速扫描相机参数

Table 2 Technical parameters of OESC-5PS image converter streak camera

参数	数值
光谱响应范围/nm	300~810
静态空间分辨率/(线对·mm^-1)	30
时间分辨力/ps	≤3
扫描非线性度/%	≤±2
扫描速度	500ps~1ms(可调)

表3 同时分幅扫描超高速光电摄影系统参数

Table 3 Technical parameters of optic electronic simultaneous framing/streak camera

类型	参数	数值
	光谱响应范围/nm	380~830
	记录幅数	8幅,可调
分幅特性	最高摄影频率/(帧·s^-1)	2×10⁸
	最短曝光时间/ns	5
	最小画幅间隔/ns	1
	空间分辨率/(线对·mm^-1)	45
	时间分辨力/ps	≤5
扫描特性	记录长度/ns	0.5~400(可调)
	空间分辨率/(lp·mm^-1)	≥30

图4 炸药水中爆炸冲击波传播二维图像

Fig.4 2D images of underwater-explosion shock wave propagation

图5 激光照明弹丸高速撞靶过程

Fig.5 Images of high-speed projectile impacting on target illuminated by laser

图6 激光照明柱面准等熵压缩过程

Fig.6 Cylindrical quasi-isentropic compression process under laser illumination

图7 X射线闪光照相系统示意图

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of X-ray flash radiography system

图8 阵列屏结构示意图

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of pixelated scintillator array

图9 射孔弹射流形成动态过程

Fig.9 Dynamic process of perforation ejection flow formation

图10 基于波长复用的双波长同轴双幅底片式全息技术典型结果(薄全息)

Fig.10 Schematic diagram and typical result of dual-wavelength optical holographybased on wavelength multiplexing (thin holograms)

图11 瞬态多幅底片式体全息技术对激光加载破碎场进行诊断

Fig.11 Diagnosis of laser loaded dynamic fragmentation results by transient multi-frame volume holography

图12 双曝光同轴数字全息技术及其可给出的关键信息(示意图)

Fig.12 Key information provided from dual exposure in-line digital holography

图13 八通道可见-红外光学高温计结构示意图

Fig.13 Schematic layout of eight-wavelength pyrometer visible light-infrared optical

表4 瞬态面测温系统技术指标

Table 4 Technical parameters of transient 2-D pyrometer

参数	超高速模式	高速连续模式
温度测量幅数	1,2,4,8	>10000
工作波长数	4	1~6
视场	ϕ30mm	ϕ50m@200m测距
物方分辨力	~100μm	<0.1m@200m测距
温度场点阵	300×300	~1024×1024
测温范围/K	2000~10000	2000~10000
最小曝光时间	10ns	~1μs
最小幅间隔	10ns	~10μs

图14 某爆轰火球温度场面测温结果

Fig.14 2D temperature measured results

图15 激光干涉测速系统原理图

Fig.15 The principles of laser Doppler velocimeter

表5 PDV最新技术指标

Table 5 Technical parameters of developed PDV systems

技术指标	CAEP-PDV-Ⅱ	CAEP-PDV-Ⅲ	MPDV
激光波长/nm	~1550	~1550	~1550
光斑直径/μm	10~1000	10~1000	10~1000
测速点数/(点·台^-1)	1~8	1~8	32~56
测速范围/(km·s^-1)	0~10	0~20 (-n~(10-n)km)	0~10
测速不确定度/%	≤1	≤1	≤1
测量距离	0.1mm~10m	0.1mm~10m	0.1mm~10m
时间分辨/ns	1	1	1

图16 多路复用PDV测量结果

Fig.16 Test results of MPDV

图17 显微PDV重构飞片平面性

Fig.17 Reconstruction of flyer planarity by Micro-PDV

表6 VISAR最新技术指标

Table 6 Technical parameters of developed VISAR systems

技术指标	线成像VISAR	面成像VISAR
激光波长/nm	532	532
成像视场/mm	1~15	ϕ1~ϕ15
空间分辨/μm	5	2
测速范围/(m·s^-1)	15~20000	15~20000
测速分辨/(m·s^-1)	15~60	15~60
测量距离	0.1mm~10m	0.1mm~10m
时间分辨	10ps	200ps或5ns

图18 激光加载线面VISAR实验结果

Fig.18 Experimental results of imaging VISAR of laser driven flyer

图19 太赫兹测速原理

Fig.19 Schematic diagram of TDV system (dashed box) and the detonation testing field

表7 TDV测试系统典型参数

Table 7 Specification of TDV system

参数	数值	备注
穿透炸药厚度/mm	≥30	少数>80
工作频段/THz	0.22、0.34、0.67
测速范围/(km·s^-1)	0.1~20
位移分辨率	≤10μm

图20 利用TDV获得的炸药冲击加载下内部冲击波/爆轰波的速度时程

Fig.20 Method of reading shock-to-detonation transition position by TDV system

图21 炸药高压下的燃烧速度实验系统及结果

Fig.21 Experimental system for the burn rate of explosive and xperimental result under high pressure

图22 基于几何光学元器件的频域干涉系统结构示意图

Fig.22 Schematic diagram of frequency domain interferometry system based on geometric optical components

图23 全光纤红外频域干涉测量系统示意图

Fig.23 Sketch diagram of OFDI system

图24 全光子晶体光纤可见光频域干涉测量系统示意图

Fig.24 Sketch diagram of DFDI system

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