典型防爆装备对TNT爆炸冲击波的防护性能

doi:10.12382/bgxb.2023.0281

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

爆炸冲击波是炸药爆炸时产生的强间断载荷,是引起人体颅脑、肺部等含气器官组织直接损伤的主导危害。基于Q235钢钢材和复合材料+液体两种典型材质的防爆装备,开展多种TNT药量的静爆试验和数值计算,研究空爆(FAB)、钢制防爆罐(SEP)和柔性防爆罐(FEP)3种不同防护条件下冲击波传播衰减规律,分析SEP和FEP两种典型防爆装备的响应过程与防护机理,获得典型装备冲击波超压峰值削弱防护的经验模型。研究结果表明:SEP和FEP可以大幅度削弱内爆炸冲击波载荷,相较于同位置处的FAB,SEP可削弱冲击波超压峰值55.4%~66.3%,FEP可削弱超压峰值57.2%~77.7%,且过当量爆炸时FEP的冲击波防护能力明显高于SEP;分析SEP和FEP的主要防护机理均为绕射遮蔽作用,但FEP的顶盖显著增加了冲击波与结构作用时间,通过水的动量提取效应和不同波阻抗界面反射削弱逃逸冲击波强度,而SEP中的冲击波仅通过刚性材料反射消耗后迅速绕射逃逸;建立了SEP、FEP冲击波峰值超压削弱经验模型,与试验结果相比SEP、FEP削弱模型平均误差分别为2.4%和10.2%;得到的典型装备冲击波削弱规律及防护经验模型为防爆罐装备设计提供了参考。

关键词: 爆炸防护, 防爆装备, 冲击波超压, 经验模型

Abstract:

Blast shock wave is a strong intermittent load produced by explosive explosion, which is a main harmful factor causing direct damage to human brain, lung and other gas-bearing organs. For an explosion-proof equipment made of two typical materials, the static explosion tests and numerical calculations of various TNT charges were carried out to study the attenuation law of shock wave propagation under three different protection conditions of free air burst (FAB), steel explosion-proof (SEP) and flexible explosion-proof (FEP). The response process and protection mechanism of two typical explosion-proof equipment are analyzed, and the empirical model of weakening the shock wave overpressure peak for the protection of typical equipment is obtained. The research shows that SEP and FEP can significantly reduce the internal blast shock wave load. Compared with FAB at the same location, SEP reduces the peak overpressure of shock wave by 55.4%~66.3%, and FEP reduces the peak overpressure by 57.2%~77.7%. The shock wave protection ability of FEP is obviously higher than that of SEP during over-equivalent explosion. The main protection mechanism of SEP and FEP is diffraction shielding, but the FEP roof increases the time of interaction between the shock wave and the structure, and weakens the intensity of escaping shock wave through the momentum extraction effect of water and the interface reflection of different wave impedances, while the shock wave in SEP escapes quickly after reflectiing through the rigid materials. The average errors of SEP and FEP shock wave peak overpressure attenuation models are 2.4% and 10.2%, respectively. The shock wave weakening law and protection experience model of typical equipment obtained in this paper are expected to provide reference for the design of explosion-proof tank equipment.

Key words: explosion protection, explosion-proof equipment, shock wave overpressure, empirical model

中图分类号:

O383.3

杨磊, 刘瀚, 黄广炎, 田相鹏. 典型防爆装备对TNT爆炸冲击波的防护性能[J]. 兵工学报, 2023, 44(10): 2871-2884.

YANG Lei, LIU Han, HUANG Guangyan, TIAN Xiangpeng. Protection Performance of Typical Explosion-proof Equipment Against TNT Blast Shock Wave[J]. Acta Armamentarii, 2023, 44(10): 2871-2884.

图/表 23

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工况	防爆结构	TNT 当量/g	防爆装备性能参数
1		750
2	FAB	1500	空爆,无防护
3		2250
4	SEP	750	防护材料:Q235钢
5		1500	规格:质量275kg,高度770mm,外径780mm
6		750	防护材料:聚氨酯泡沫、水和UHMWPE 规格:质量119kg,高度675mm,上径780mm,下径920mm
7	FEP	1500
8		2250
9		3000

工况	防爆结构	TNT 当量/g	防爆装备性能参数
1		750
2	FAB	1500	空爆,无防护
3		2250
4	SEP	750	防护材料:Q235钢
5		1500	规格:质量275kg,高度770mm,外径780mm
6		750	防护材料:聚氨酯泡沫、水和UHMWPE 规格:质量119kg,高度675mm,上径780mm,下径920mm
7	FEP	1500
8		2250
9		3000

爆距/ m	高度/ m	TNT 药量/ g	超压峰值/ kPa	峰值到达时间/ms	正压区作用时间/ms	正压冲量/ (Pa·s)
		750	63.77	5.66	1.84	66.48
	0.3	1500	104.75	5.02	2.61	97.64
		2250	119.61	4.28	1.76	128.83
		750	49.11	6.13	2.94	51.34
4	1.3	1500	65.67	5.27	2.96	74.04
		2250	104.64	4.78	2.79	113.32
		750	51.92	6.13	2.85	54.46
	1.6	1500	75.77	5.64	3.00	81.13
		2250	99.02	5.01	3.13	107.13
		750	27.89	10.81	3.96	43.79
	0.3	1500	44.76	9.50	4.16	66.05
		2250	49.31	8.77	4.34	86.92
		750	37.71	10.84	3.37	51.33
6	1.3	1500	49.74	9.57	3.42	76.72
		2250	48.17	9.00	4.38	83.70
		750	31.18	11.03	3.65	45.49
	1.6	1500	46.39	9.75	3.92	69.02
		2250	52.34	9.17	4.14	83.88

爆距/ m	高度/ m	TNT 药量/ g	超压峰值/ kPa	峰值到达时间/ms	正压区作用时间/ms	正压冲量/ (Pa·s)
		750	63.77	5.66	1.84	66.48
	0.3	1500	104.75	5.02	2.61	97.64
		2250	119.61	4.28	1.76	128.83
		750	49.11	6.13	2.94	51.34
4	1.3	1500	65.67	5.27	2.96	74.04
		2250	104.64	4.78	2.79	113.32
		750	51.92	6.13	2.85	54.46
	1.6	1500	75.77	5.64	3.00	81.13
		2250	99.02	5.01	3.13	107.13
		750	27.89	10.81	3.96	43.79
	0.3	1500	44.76	9.50	4.16	66.05
		2250	49.31	8.77	4.34	86.92
		750	37.71	10.84	3.37	51.33
6	1.3	1500	49.74	9.57	3.42	76.72
		2250	48.17	9.00	4.38	83.70
		750	31.18	11.03	3.65	45.49
	1.6	1500	46.39	9.75	3.92	69.02
		2250	52.34	9.17	4.14	83.88

防护类型	爆距/ m	高度/ m	TNT 药量/ g	峰值超压/ kPa	峰值超压到达时间/ms	正压区作用时间/ms	正压冲量/ (Pa·s)	防护类型	爆距/ m	高度/ m	TNT 药量/ g	峰值超压/ kPa	峰值超压到达时间/ms	正压区作用时间/ms	正压冲量/ (Pa·s)
SEP			750	3.78	8.63	1.64	1.06	FEP			750	—	8.80	3.78	21.32
		0.3	1500	43.36	8.15	2.86	48.48			0.3	1500	30.39	8.36	2.78	30.49
			2250								2250	38.03	8.14	2.66	42.62
			3000								3000	41.90	7.96	5.37	54.44
			750	22.50	8.53	3.63	34.89				750	12.25	9.22	3.85	20.81
	4	1.3	1500	33.25	7.82	3.73	46.07		4	1.3	1500	26.67	8.76	3.53	36.46
			2250								2250	23.44	8.28	3.45	37.00
			3000								3000	27.20	8.36	4.36	41.11
			750	21.65	8.61	3.57	32.29				750	11.13	9.46	4.27	19.97
		1.6	1500	32.35	7.86	4.05	43.72			1.6	1500	20.97	9.13	3.57	26.73
			2250								2250	22.08	8.42	3.50	34.40
			3000								3000	29.27	8.59	4.75	44.84
			750	16.75	13.78	3.82	27.00				750	9.91	14.08	4.34	15.08
		0.3	1500	25.82	13.09	4.32	35.64			0.3	1500	15.64	13.56	3.97	19.25
			2250								2250	20.70	13.24	2.90	26.57
			3000								3000	22.25	13.31	4.49	35.19
			750	11.83	13.70	3.91	24.72				750	9.82	14.35	4.40	14.61
	6	1.3	1500	17.59	12.90	3.77	35.66		6	1.3	1500	15.04	13.80	3.59	19.06
			2250								2250	19.29	13.45	3.45	26.07
			3000								3000	24.67	13.33	4.73	41.14
			750	12.37	13.75	3.82	24.63				750	9.32	14.62	4.32	14.65
		1.6	1500	18.56	12.92	3.83	35.82			1.6	1500	14.63	14.00	3.85	19.43
			2250								2250	17.43	13.66	3.68	25.60
			3000								3000	21.06	13.53	4.68	37.38